The West Essays - CanadaUnited States Relations, Virtue,

The West The West was a form of society rather than an area. It is the term applied to the region whose social conditions result from the application of older institutions and ideas to the transforming influences of free land. By this application, a new environment is suddenly entered, freedom of opportunity is opened, the cake of custom is broken, and new activities, new lines of growth, new institutions and new ideals, are brought into existence. The wilderness disappears, the West proper passes on to a new frontier and, in the former area, and a new society has emerged from this contact with the backwoods. Gradually this society loses its primitive conditions, and assimilates itself to the type of the older social conditions of the East; but it bears within it enduring and distinguishing survivals of its frontier experience. Decade after decade, West after West, this rebirth of American society had gone on, and left its traces behind it, which reacted on the East. The history of our politi cal institutions, our democracy, is not a history of imitation, of simple borrowing; it is a history of the evolution and adaptation of organs in response to changed environment, a history of the origin of new political species. In this sense, therefore, the West has been a constructive force of the highest significance in our life. The West, as a phase of social organization, began with the Atlantic coast, and passed across the continent. But the colonial tidewater area was in close touch with the Old World, and soon lost its Western aspects. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the newer social conditions appeared along the upper waters of the tributaries of the Atlantic. Here it was that the West took on its distinguishing features, and transmitted frontier traits and ideals to this area in later days. On the coast were the fishermen and skippers, the merchants and planters, with eyes turned toward Europe. Beyond the falls of the rivers were the pioneer farmers, largely of non-English stock, Scotch-Irish and German. They constituted a distinct people, and may be regarded as an expansion of the social and economic life of the middle region into the backcountry of the South. These frontiersmen were the ancestors of Boone, Andrew Jackson, Calhoun, Clay, and Lincoln. Washington and Jefferson were profoundly a ffected by these frontier conditions. The forest clearings have been the seed plots of American character. Here then, is the problem of the West, as it looked to New England leaders of thought in the beginning and at the end of this century. From the first, it was recognized that a new type was growing up beyond the mountains, and that the time would come when the destiny of the nation would be in Western hands. The divergence of these societies became clear in the struggle over the ratification of the federal constitution. The interior agricultural region, the communities that were in debt and desired paper money, opposed the instrument; but the areas of intercourse and property carried the day. The most obvious fact regarding the man of the Western waters is that he had placed himself under influences destructive to many of the gains of civilization. Remote from the opportunity for systematic education, substituting a log hut in the forest clearing for the social comforts of the town, he suffered hard-ships and privations, and reverted in many ways to primitive conditions of life. Engaged in a struggle to subdue the forest, working as an individual, and with little specie or capital, his interests were with the debtor class. At each stage of its advance, the West has favored an expansion of the currency. The pioneer had boundless confidence in the future of his own community, and when seasons of financial contraction and depression occurred, he, who had staked his all on confidence in Western development, and had fought the savage for his home, was inclined to reproach the conservative sections and classes. To explain this antagonism requires more than denunciation of disho nesty, ignorance, and boorishness as fundamental Western traits. Legislation in the United States has had to deal with two distinct social conditions. In some portions of the country there was, and is, an aggregation

”The Death Of Woman Wang” by Jonathan D. Spence Essay Sample free essay sample

The Death Of Woman Wang written by Jonathan D. Spence is a book that describes the status of community of 17th century China. The book is written with the aid of three beginnings and first 1 is the local history of that clip. 2nd is from the memories of a bookman named Huang Lia-hung and the 3rd one is from the plants of P’u Sung-ling who was a short narrative author and dealt with the ill will and wretchedness of the community at that clip. ‘The decease of Woman Wang’ depicts the narrative of a adult female who runs off from her hubby but was returned to him and is killed by him. With the aid of this narrative Jonathan D. Spence tries to give the image of adult females and jurisprudence of the society of that clip. Work force were allowed to make anything but adult females at that clip had to be loyal to their hubby and household and were treated about like slaves. We will write a custom essay sample on †The Death Of Woman Wang† by Jonathan D. Spence Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The jurisprudence of that period besides favored work forces and the status of rural China of that clip is besides represented in words in the narrative. Spence tried to give the readers the realistic position of rural China of 17th century and depict how gender effects relation with jurisprudence. Merely one right was given to adult females of that clip that if her hubby dies and there is a concern to be run. she could inherit the concern until her boy was capable of running the concern. Otherwise even if hubbies bet and lost their married womans in gamble no jurisprudence was at that place to protect them. It was one sided and partial to work forces. Womans were non supposed to raise any voice against the adversities they Page 2 had to confront in life. They had fixed responsibilities towards kin and community and they had to carry through them at any cost. The different narratives on different pages describe the state of affairs and status of adult females of that period. Womans were taught to keep their chaste. doggedness and opt decease at times of colza. In this manner with about negligible installations and rights adult females of that period used to populate their lives in China. Spence has taken aid of three different beginnings and it is seen that the manner the beginnings are used seems sometimes hard to distinguish the history of covering. One of the beginnings is historical based and one is fiction. so same state of affairs is dealt in both the beginnings in a separate manner. This consequence is seen in Spence’s book. ‘The Death of Woman Wang’ . But Spence has depicted the realistic image of the position of adult females in community of 17th century China. It besides shows how each sex should interact with each other and with society excessively. At that clip self-destruction was considered right harmonizing to the moral values predominating in society because it showed reverent feeling of a married woman towards her hubby. The choice of the beginnings by the author was perfect because the combination of personal experience. history and fiction could be considered as the best combination to picture the existent image of any community of a peculiar period. Sometimes it is felt that you get entangled in some other rhythm and you have to seek for the chief narrative. This is so because of the differe nt types of beginnings and its usage to picture the narrative in an interesting and moral manner. The book will do you experience the state of affairs that the people particularly adult females of that period had to confront in the society. Plants Cited 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. academon. com/lib/paper/28116. hypertext markup language

Is the concept of anomie relevant to contemporary society Essay Example

Is the concept of anomie relevant to contemporary society? Essay Is the construct of anomy relevant to modern-day society? The term anomy is a construct developed by Emile Durkheim ( 1858-1917 ) who was born into a Judaic Rabbinical household in the eastern Gallic state of Lorraine. He was a instructor of doctrine and exhausted clip in Germany where he was introduced to new progresss in psychological science and societal scientific discipline. He had a major influence and made a large impact to the survey of society, self-destruction, the division of labor, solidarity and faith and has frequently been considered and regarded as the laminitis of professional sociology. Durkheim foremost published his construct of anomy in his book â€Å"The Division of Labour in Society† ( 1893 ) . In his book he indicated regulations of how interaction between people was disintegrating and how they were unable to specify how to associate and interact with each other. Therefore he believed that anomy was a province where the outlooks of behaviors are non clearly defined and there is a break down in the system which is known as normlessness. Durkheim preferred to utilize the word mental unsoundness in topographic point of normlessness nevertheless he claimed that this normalness caused aberrant behaviors and subsequently could even ensue in depression and self-destruction as claimed in his book â€Å"Suicide† ( 1897 ) . The deficiency of these norms and values in society creates a province of deregulating and normlessness which is anomie. Peoples feel they have no counsel and miss the ability to make their single and corporate ends or aims. The rubric of this essay is a inquiry to reply â€Å"Is the construct of anomy relevant to modern-day society? † The following paragraphs will supply illustrations of replies to this inquiry and will demo that the construct of anomy is relevant to society today where the norms and values regulating societal interaction interrupt down and human behavior lacks ordinance. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the concept of anomie relevant to contemporary society? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is the concept of anomie relevant to contemporary society? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is the concept of anomie relevant to contemporary society? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first illustration which shows that anomy is relevant to modern twenty-four hours society will concentrate on criminology and anomy. In criminology the construct of anomy is that the single chooses to perpetrate condemnable actions because this individual believes there is no ground non to make so. The person is normally alienated and isolated, feels worthless or insignificant and thinks it is unpointed and futile to seek and accomplish anything else as it is a waste of clip and attempt. Therefore normally this individual goes against the norm and values of society and sees there is no other alternate than to go involved in condemnable and noncompliant activities. Take a state of affairs which is classed as the norm in a functionalist society: the province provides instruction for kids, revenue enhancements are paid by the parents/families of these kids which are in bend used to fund their instruction and development. Normally these kids grow up good educated and able to obtain e mployment and accomplish their ends career wise. They become jurisprudence staying citizens, have a occupation, pay their revenue enhancements, settle down have their ain kids and so the rhythm continues. In the United Kingdom this is the norm for the bulk of the population and society in general presents. However take the state of affairs where anomy is involved in other words the fortunes the kid is being reared and populating in is non the norm in this scenario: The kid attends an under-performing school in a hapless country where the bulk of people are populating on province benefits. The kid does non see the point in traveling to school and merely attends the bare minimal sum of clip. The kid leaves school at the earliest chance and is non encouraged by household and friends to go on in instruction. The country the kid lives in has high offense rates and a gang civilization. This kid becomes a adolescent who sees their lone chance to acquire on in life is to fall in the local p ack and go involved with them and partakes in misdemeanor. The parents are unemployed, uninvolved and have condemnable histories so the adolescent sees the pack as their household. The adolescent becomes an grownup, has already spent clip in a immature offender’s establishment and has no opportunity of acquiring a occupation. This grownup is now unemployable and feels worthless, insignificant and has no sense of way and hence falls into a life of offense. In this instance the adolescent became involved in offense because they felt there was no other option or chance available to them. This first illustration shows how the construct of anomy is relevant in society today. In the United Kingdom reasonably late there have been two cases which show the construct of anomy is relevant in modern twenty-four hours society. The anomies being referred to is public violences and protests where rioting is a consequence of anomy and a signifier of anomy. Rioting by English and Welsh citizens is a statutory offense in England and Wales and is documented in Sections 1 to 5 of the â€Å"Public Order Act 1986† . A public violence as defined by the â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary† is ‘A wild or disruptive perturbation created by a big figure of people. In this illustration the accelerator for the public violences in Tottenham was non the shot of Mark Duggan on the 4ThursdayAugust 2011 as was presented by the imperativeness. The existent cause of the public violences was the confrontation between a demonstrator and a police officer outside the constabulary station in Tottenham at 7.20pm on Saturday 6th of August. These actions caused a province of anomy that allowed the demonstrators the ability to take out their defeats in a manner that does non match to societal norms and this was the start of the Tottenham public violences in North London. When society becomes more organic and complex like modern twenty-four hours society is people are no longer reliant on one another and hence societal bonds become impersonal. In this illustration there was a dislocation of societal norms where norms were no longer able to command the actions of members in society. Durkheim himself observed that societal periods of break for illustration economic depression as was the instance in 2011 was frequently responsible for greater anomy with higher degrees of offense, self-destruction and aberrance. With mention to the Tottenham public violences in North London there is a clear association with Durkheim’s construct of anomy. The confrontation between demonstrators and the constabulary was the accelerator to get down the public violences bu t it was non the cause which was a corporate build-up of grounds and issues. With the state in an economic crises and high grades of agitation in the community due to the shot of this guiltless immature adult male the degrees of alienated behavior were greatly increased. It could be argued that the norms of the state of affairs had broken down, as there was confusion over whether or non Mark Duggan had even shot at the constabulary. As the public violences escalated, we can besides associate to the fact that there was a deficiency of regulations to steer people, and hence, normlessness broke out, which as Durkheim stated led to deviant behavior. This gave rise to self-interest and tempted persons to fall in in the public violences on the footing that it is hard to catch an person in a big rabble. Deviant behavior such as robbery and â€Å"copycat† rioting in other metropoliss in the state besides occurred increasing the degrees of alienated behavior. The terrorizing velocity with which the force spread from London to other large metropoliss this clip was implicative of a far more complex and profound sense of societal disaffection and isolation. Britain’s disturbed and deeply unequal society is one in which many people feel they have no interest or hereafter, this feeling of helplessness fuels anomie. The other recent illustration of alienated behavior relevant to modern-day society was a series of student protests in 2010 in the United Kingdom with the chief protests in London. The aims of these protests were to oppose planned disbursement cuts in farther instruction and the additions in pupil tuition fees. The accelerator in this case was the consequences of the authorities reappraisal of support for higher instruction in England. Harmonizing to pupil groups promises made by politicians during election runs had been broken. Higher instruction would go less come-at-able for immature people. Future pupils would stop up with high debts holding to pay off these debts over longer periods in clip go forthing them in debt for longer during their big life. The perceptual experience was that intended cuts to education were inordinate and would damage the quality of higher instruction. It would give pupils higher debts, and run promises made by politicians were perceived as broken promise s. The first major protest organized by the National Union of Students ( NUS ) and the University and College Union ( UCU ) involved up to fifty 1000 demonstrators who marched through cardinal London nevertheless several hundred left the March to assail and busy the Conservative Party central office. The breaking away group caused a divide within the pupil motion for utilizing such tactics every bit good as animadversion and unfavorable judgment from the authorities and constitution. On the twenty-fourth November the National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts ( NCAFC ) requested a mass walk-out and presentations to be held, with businesss taking topographic point at campuses throughout the UK. Over a four hebdomad period there were a figure of Marches in cardinal London where constabularies used kettling as a manner to incorporate the protestors, this resulted in violent confrontation with dissenters and constabularies. Kettling is a tactic used by constabulary to incorporate and cordo n off an country whereby the protestors are merely allowed to go out by the constabulary which means the protestors are held in a individual country without being able to hold entree to nutrient drink or lavatory installations, the continuance of which is decided by the constabulary force involved.The pupil protests did non run into their aims and the authorities reforms went in front. Protests ended in pandemonium, with violent clangs between constabulary officers and trouble makers who hijacked the Marches, taking to 100s of arrests.There was a batch of unfavorable judgment of both sides due to these incidents of hooliganism and force every bit good as the behaviour of the constabulary in utilizing inordinate force. On both sides in this scenario the behaviour seen and reported could be classed as another illustration of alienated behaviour in modern twenty-four hours society. In decision is anomie a driver in respects to offense and violent public violences such as portrayed in these illustrations? Anomie is linked to conditions of impotence and disaffection, it feeds from but goes beyond anarchy. Many boisterous members of society are besides to the full embedded in comfy societal places, or fighting to fall in, to be portion of their society. Their interrupting the jurisprudence doesn’t needfully intend they are alienated, which is, detached from mainstream values, nevertheless this issue is problematic. In the first illustration with respect to the kid being born into a life of offense and aberrance this goes against the norm and shows the construct of anomy is relevant in modern society. With the public violences there are two decisions which can be considered. The city manager of London Boris Johnson dismissal of the public violences holding ‘sociological explanations’ is problematic. While some people think the rioting was caused by the eroding of morality, weak or non-existent parenting and non adequate constabulary is besides possibly problematic. However for others the 2011 public violences in Tottenham were a effect of economic instability that created a sense of anomy and weakness and were a corporate With the pupil protests it’s possible that pupils did nt experience that they had anybody to turn to their choler to with respect to higher instruction cuts and additions in costs This is a map of the dislocation in trust in authorities, a map of anomy and defeat. This can be summed up in the statement by the NUS leader Education should open doors, but the authorities is banging them shut ( Liam Burns ) . In decision these three illustrations portray different types of people in society – the kid, the grownup rioter, the pupil dissenter and all of them show the construct of anomy is relevant to modern-day society. Word Count = 1817 Bibliography Durkheim, E. ( 1893/1984 )The Division of Labour in Society.New York: Free Imperativeness Durkheim, E. ( 1897/1951 )Suicide. New York: Free Imperativeness â€Å"Public Order Act 1986† Sections 1 to 5 ( Online ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.legislation.gov.uk [ Accessed 9 January 2015 ] National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts ( NCAFC ) ( Online ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eusa.ed.ac.uk/eusapolicy/internal/ncafc/ [ Accessed 10 January 2015 ] National Union of Students ( Online ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nus.org.uk/ [ Accessed 10 January 2015 ] University and College Union ( Online ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ucu.org.uk/ www.ucu.org.uk [ Accessed 10 January 2015 ]

Squirt Brand Case Analysis

Squirt Brand Case Analysis Free Online Research Papers Squirt Nature of industry, market, and buyer behavior In the United States, people consume more carbonated drinks than tap water. Research has shown that the average American drinks about 53 gallons of soft drinks per year. However, soft drink consumption has declined over the past few years (Kerin Peterson, 2004). The soft drink industry has three major participants in the production and distribution; concentrate producers, bottlers, and retail outlets. Concentrate producers are responsible for consumer advertising and promotion programs, product development and planning and market research. The bottler’s responsibility is to set up local and retail trade promotions. Among this is selling and servicing retail outlets, placements and maintenance of advertisements, and the restocking of retailer’s shelves and vending machines. Competition in the soft drink industry is mostly relevant among the top three companies; Coca-cola, Pepsi-Cola, and Dr. Pepper/Seven Up. Each of these companies offers a product similar to Squirt, but each has their own variation. Coca-Cola’s Fresca is also a grapefruit flavored carbonated rink, but it has sugar and is caffeine free. Coco-cola also offers Mello Yellow and Surge. Pepsi-Cola has the largest carbonated citrus drink called Mountain Dew (Kerin Peterson, 2004). The Organization Squirt Brand carbonated drink is a caffeine-free, low sodium soft drink that is a blend of grapefruit juices mixed with carbonation. It is the best selling carbonated grapefruit drink in the United States. Squirt is marketed under Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Inc, which is owned by the London based company Cadbury Schweppes, the world’s third largest soft-drink company. Dr. Pepper/Seven up Inc is the largest non-cola soft drink enterprise in North America and the third largest soft drink company in the United States. They produce such products as Hawaiian Punch, Canada Dry, AW Root Beer, and RC Cola. Dr. Pepper and Seven Up are both ranked in the top ten soft drinks in the United States based on market share (Kerin Peterson, 2004). Squirt’s origins date back to the 1930’s. A man by the name of Herb Bishop came up with a carbonated drink that blends grapefruit juice and sugar. The taste was so refreshing he used the word Squirt to describe it, because it was like squirting grapefruit right into the mouth. Bishop marketed his product using the character â€Å"Little Squirt†. In 1977, Squirt was purchased by a Michigan based company Brooks products. This company reformulated the recipe and logo and marketed it in the mainstream. Diet Squirt was introduced in 1983 and was the first soft drink that was sweetened with Nutra Sweet. Today, Squirt’s product line consists of regular, diet, Ruby Red, and Diet Ruby Red. Diet Squirt and Diet Ruby Red account for 20% of Squirt’s total sales. Previous to a positioning review in 1995 by Foote, Cone, and Belding, Squirt focused its advertising on the 18 to 34 year old target market. Squirt advertised through newspapers inserts, cable TV spots, spot radio, and consumer, retail, and trade promotions. Squirt’s promotions exceeded the advertising expenditures. Squirt has been attributed with having the highest brand loyalty amongst competitors even though Mountain Dew was the most heavily advertised. At this time, the positioning of the company was to target Squirt to adults and Ruby Red to teens and young adults. The company was shooting commercials involving Rollerblading and Mountain Biking. Advertising messages emphasized how Squirt was beyond the ordinary taste, but also that it’s incredibly exciting. Throughout the five years, Squirts creative execution and positioning were revisited three times. Each time though, no changes were made. In the meantime, Coca-Cola announced that Fresca would be available in 95% of the United States Bottler Markets (Kerin Peterson, 2004). Plan of Action When Foote, Cone, and Belding (FCB) reviewed Squirt’s positioning, they analyzed the companies marketing efforts and came up with a few recommendations involving a new position. First of all, they concluded that amongst its seven biggest competitors it is the most thirst quenching, but no necessarily refreshing or hip. Secondly, Fresca was the most similar in all attributes. FCB concluded that, â€Å"a creative strategy needed to be developed to increase relevancy with a younger target market and focus on squirt’s thirst quenching property.† FCB recommended that Squirt’s target market should be multi -cultural and geared to the 18 to 24 year old market. They suggested that Squirt take an angle toward relating it to becoming an adult with more responsibility. FCB stated the there would be many benefits to this new position including its appropriateness for the carbonated drink category, it emphasizes self gratification, the freedom this demographic strives to maintain, and the potential to break through within the clutter of soft drink advertising. Finally, they stated that with Squirt’s look and feel, the new look would be consistent (Kerin Peterson, 2004). Potential Outcomes With the growing number of Hispanics in the United States, and the fact that statistics has proven Hispanics and African Americans are a huge portion of citrus flavored carbonated beverages consumers, marketing to them makes sense. Taking this into consideration, it is obvious that Squirt should start a campaign that offers advertisements, television commercials, and banners in Spanish. According to www.hispaniccallcenter.com, Hispanics have an increasing amount of disposable income, and the number one thing they spend their money on is food and beverages in the home (Hispanic Affluence, 1996). Knowing this and knowing about the increasing population, management at Squirt should devise plans to get advertisements into every Spanish speaking news publication in Texas and California. In these two states alone, more than 50% of the Hispanic population lives (Kerin Peterson, 2004). They should also focus their television and radio advertisements on the interest of the Hispanic communit y. According to the revenue seen by companies who advertise in Hispanic magazines, none of them are soft drink companies (Print Advertising, 2006). Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Inc should take this advantage to be number one in the Hispanic US market and devise advertisements that could be used in Spanish magazines. Squirt brand soft drinks has the ability to make Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Inc a leader amongst its competition. With some broadening of the advertising scope, and reviewing of the previous ads, they can revitalize their corporate position and go where the other citrus blends have not yet gone. Research Papers on Squirt Brand Case AnalysisHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesPETSTEL analysis of India

Definition and Discussion of Middle English

Definition and Discussion of Middle English Middle English was the language spoken in England from about 1100 to 1500. Five major  dialects of Middle English have been identified (Northern, East Midlands, West Midlands, Southern, and Kentish), but the research of Angus McIntosh and others... supports the claim that this period of the language was rich in dialect diversity (Barbara A. Fennell, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach, 2001). Major literary works written in Middle English include Havelok the Dane,  Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,  Piers Plowman, and  Geoffrey  Chaucers Canterbury Tales. The form of Middle English thats most familiar to modern readers is the London dialect, which was the dialect of Chaucer and the basis of what would eventually become standard English. Examples and Observations Chaucers Canterbury TalesWhan that Aprill, with his shoures sooteThe droghte of March hath perced to the rooteAnd bathed every veyne in swich licour,Of which vertu engendred is the flour...[When the sweet showers of April have piercedThe drought of March, and pierced it to the rootAnd every vein is bathed in that moistureWhose quickening force will engender the flower...](Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, late 14th century. Translation by David Wright. Oxford University Press, 2008)Many Middle EnglishesMiddle English varied enormously over time and by region; Angus McIntosh notes that there are over a thousand dialectically differentiated varieties of Middle English. Indeed,  some scholars go so far as to say that Middle English is not... a language at all but rather something of a scholarly fiction, an amalgam of forms and sounds, writers and manuscripts, famous works and little-known ephemera. This is a little extreme, but certainly prior to the later fo urteenth century Middle English was primarily a spoken rather than a written language, and did not have official administrative functions in either a secular or religious context. This has resulted in a critical tendency to place English at the bottom of the linguistic hierarchy of medieval England, with Latin and French as the dominant languages of discourse, instead of seeing the symbiotic relationship between English, French, and Latin...By the fifteenth century Middle English was extensively used in the written documentation of business, civic government, Parliament, and the royal household.(Rachel E. Moss,  Fatherhood and Its Representations in Middle English Texts. D.S. Brewer, 2013) The Vocabulary of Middle English- In 1066, William the Conqueror led the Norman invasion of England, marking the beginning of the  Middle English  period. This invasion brought a  major influence  to English from Latin and French. As is often the case with invasions, the conquerors dominated the major political and economic life in England. While this invasion had some influence on English grammar, the most powerful impact was on vocabulary.(Evelyn Rothstein and Andrew S. Rothstein,  English Grammar Instruction That Works!  Corwin, 2009)- The core vocabulary of [Middle] English comprised the monosyllabic words for basic concepts,  bodily functions, and body parts inherited from Old English and shared with the other Germanic languages. These words include: God,  man, tin, iron, life, death, limb, nose, ear, foot, mother, father, brother, earth, sea, horse, cow, lamb.Words from French are often polysyllabic terms for the  institutions of the Conquest (church, administ ration, law), for things imported with the Conquest (castles, courts, prisons), and terms of high culture and social status (cuisine, fashion, literature, art, decoration).(Seth Lerer,  Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language. Columbia University Press, 2007) French Influence on Middle English- From 1150 to 1500 the language is known as Middle English. During this period the inflections, which had begun to break down during the end of the Old English period, become greatly reduced...By making English the language mainly of uneducated people, the Norman Conquest [in 1066] made it easier for grammatical changes to go forward unchecked.French influence is much more direct and observable upon the vocabulary. Where two languages exist side by side for a long time and the relations between the people speaking them are as intimate as they were in England, a considerable transference of words from one language to the other is inevitable...When we study the French words appearing in English before 1250, roughly 900 in number, we find that many of them were such as the lower classes would become familiar with through contact with a French-speaking nobility: (baron, noble, dame, servant, messenger, feast, minstrel, juggler, largess)... In the period after 1250,... the upper classes carried over into English an astonishing number of common French words. In changing from French to English, they transferred much of their governmental and administrative vocabulary, their ecclesiastical, legal, and military terms, their familiar words of fashion, food, and social life, the vocabulary of art, learning, and medicine.(A. C. Baugh and T. Cable, A History of the English Language. Prentice-Hall, 1978)- French continued to occupy a prestigious place in English society, especially the Central French dialect spoken in Paris. This prompted an increase in the numbers of French words borrowed, especially those relating to French society and culture. As a  consequence, English words concerned with scholarship, fashion, the arts, and foodsuch as college, robe, verse, beefare often drawn from French (even if their ultimate origins lie in Latin). The higher status of French in this [late Middle English] period continues to influence the associat ions of pairs of synonyms in Modern English, such as begin-commence, look-regard, stench-odour. In each of these pairs, the French borrowing is of a higher register than the word inherited from Old English.(Simon Horobin,  How English Became English. Oxford University Press, 2016) A Fuzzy Boundary[T]he transition from Middle to early modern English is above all the period of the elaboration of the English language. Between the late 14th and 16th centuries, the English language began increasingly to take on more functions. These changes in function had, it is argued here, a major effect on the form of English: so major, indeed, that the old distinction between Middle and modern retains considerable validity, although the boundary between these two linguistic epochs was obviously a fuzzy one.(Jeremy J. Smith, From Middle to Early Modern English. The Oxford History of English, ed. by Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford University Press, 2006)Chaucer on Changes in the Forme of SpeecheYe knowe ek that in forme of speeche is chaungeWithinne a thousand yeer, and wordes thoThat hadden pris, now wonder nyce and straungeUs thinketh hem, and yet thei spake hem so,And spedde as wel in love as men now do;Ek for to wynnen love in sondry ages,In sondry londes, sondry ben usages.[You k now also that in (the) form of speech (there) is changeWithin a thousand years, and words thenThat had value, now wonderfully curious and strange(To) us they seem, and yet they spoke them so,And succeeded as well in love as men now do;Also to win love in sundry ages,In sundry lands, (there) are many usages.](Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, late 14th century. Translation by Roger Lass in Phonology and Morphology. A History of the English Language, edited by Richard M. Hogg and David Denison. Cambridge University Press, 2008)

Temperature Definition in Science

Temperature Definition in Science Temperature is an objective measurement of how hot or cold an object is. It can be measured with a thermometer or a calorimeter. It is a means of determining the internal energy contained within a given system. Because humans easily perceive the amount of heat and cold within an area, it is understandable that temperature is a feature of reality that we have a fairly intuitive grasp on. Consider that many of us have our first interaction with a thermometer in the context of medicine, when a doctor (or our parent) uses one to discern our temperature, as part of diagnosing an illness. Indeed, temperature is a critical concept in a wide variety of scientific disciplines, not just medicine. Heat Versus Temperature Temperature is different from heat, although the two concepts are linked. Temperature is a measure of the internal energy of a system, while heat is a measure of how energy is transferred from one system (or body) to another, or, how temperatures in one system are raised or lowered by interaction with another. This is roughly described by the kinetic theory, at least for gases and fluids. The kinetic theory explains that the greater the amount of heat is absorbed into a material, the more rapidly the atoms within that material begin to move, and, the faster atoms move, the more the temperature increases. As atoms begin to slow down their movement, the material becomes cooler. Things get a little more complicated for solids, of course, but thats the basic idea. Temperature Scales Several temperature scales exist. In the United States, the Fahrenheit temperature is most commonly used, though the International System of Units (SI unit) Centigrade (or Celsius) is used in most of the rest of the world. The Kelvin scale is used often in physics and is adjusted so that 0 degrees Kelvin is equal to absolute zero, which is, in theory, the coldest possible temperature and at which point all kinetic motion ceases. Measuring Temperature A traditional thermometer measures temperature by containing a fluid that expands at a known rate as it gets hotter and contracts as it gets cooler. As the temperature changes, the liquid within a contained tube moves along a scale on the device. As with much of modern science, we can look back to the ancients for the origins of the ideas about how to measure temperature back to the ancients. In the first century CE, the Greek philosopher and mathematician Hero (or Heron) of Alexandria (10–70 CE) wrote in his work Pneumatics about the relationship between temperature and the expansion of air. After the Gutenberg Press was invented, Heros book was published in Europe in 1575, its wider availability inspiring the creation of the earliest thermometers throughout the following century. Inventing the Thermometer The Italian astronomer Galileo  (1564–1642) was one of the first scientists recorded to have actually used a device that measured temperature, though it is unclear whether he actually built it himself or acquired the idea from someone else. He used a device called a thermoscope to measure the amount of heat and cold, at least as early as 1603. Throughout the 1600s, various scientists tried to create thermometers that measured temperature by a change of pressure within a contained measurement device. English physician Robert Fludd (1574–1637) built a thermoscope in 1638 that had a temperature scale built into the physical structure of the device, resulting in the first thermometer. Without any centralized system of measurement, each of these scientists developed their own measurement scales, and none of them really caught on until Dutch-German-Polish physicist and inventor  Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736) built his in the early 1700s. He built a thermometer with alcohol in 1709, but it was really his mercury-based thermometer of 1714 that became the gold standard of temperature measurement. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

The theology of St. Luke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The theology of St. Luke - Essay Example The other significant features include the proper usage of vocabulary, context, the geographical backdrop and the historical settings. We delve into each one of these here. The study of Luke’s theology has been seen in quite an interesting manner over a period of considerable time and one can easily manifest the energy and dynamism attached with it. However there have been a number of treatises which have been made with regards to Luke and one such is the work, though done in a creative fashion by Conzelmann. There has been a lot of discussion related with the purpose of writing down the Gospel and the Acts as well as the extent and importance of the editing that has been made with the passage of some time2. The historical reliability lies solely on the shoulders of the author and the theological tendencies are something to be spoken about in a free and fair manner. Conzelmann makes this as a point whereby the statement is made in relation to Luke’s purpose which was nothing but to ensure the salvation of historical times is made in a sequential yet tactful manner. Add to that, Marshall analyzes this in the light of a similar feeling wher e the notion is related with the salvation in its own right indeed. Some have suggested that there is an apologetic tone attached with the very same while there are others who attach a theological motive with it. The apologetic motive is made in the form of the defense of Christianity for either a single reason or for another purpose altogether while on the other hand the theological motive is somewhat related with the identity of God’s people. Therefore an evaluation of Luke’s work in terms of whether or not the same serves a specified purpose largely depends on the rationale that is made on a person’s assessment where different matters are kept in close check nonetheless. All of these form up to result in

Outline The Aims Of The United Irishmen, 1791-1794 Essay

Outline The Aims Of The United Irishmen, 1791-1794 - Essay Example The first organizations were begun in Dublin and Belfast in 1791. The reasons behind the formation of the United Irish Society included frustration with the Whig Clubs lack of interest in parliamentary reform, and inspiration from events in France (Dickson 182). Complete and radical reform of parliament was one early United Irish goal. Although the original militant republican aims that the United Irishmen held accepted monarchy, the United Irishmen would later become anti-English as well as an anti-monarchical republican movement. The original republican aims also included to: "curb powers of central government; to preserve fundamental liberties; and to secure religious toleration" (Elliott xiii). It was only after their original aims were frustrated that the United Irishmen became anti-monarchical and began to consider armed insurrection, with the aid of the French, as a means of liberating Ireland. The United Irishmen were political reformers, but not social reformers (Elliott xvii). Their aim was not to return land back to the Catholics that the English protestants had confiscated. The United Irishmen sought national self-determination for all religions within Ireland. Their main aim later in the 1790s was an Irish revolution. The United Irishmen movement consisted of roughly equal numbers of Catholics and Protestants; however, the leaders of the movement were mainly Protestants (Elliott xiii). It is through this later aim for revolution that the United Irishmen formed an alliance with the Defenders, a Catholic lower class secret society. Unlike the United Irishmen, the Defenders did support land being returned to the original Catholic owners. But the Protestant leaders within the United Irishmen were not interested in this type of social reform. In fact, the leaders of the United Irishmen feared that the lower class Catholics would retaliate against the Protestants and attempt land reversal

Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theater - Essay Example Personally, I believe there are universal events, emotions and perceptions among people around the world regardless of race, religion, status or gender. Everybody is born, everybody dies, everybody needs to be loved, and to love. These are just a few of the human experiences that are common to men and which are usually portrayed in theaters, bringing to life what some might run away from, get obsessed with or would not just mind at all. In such cases, the theater can serve as an encouragement for me at times I am undergoing sufferings and think that I am not able to rise from a sorry state; or an awakening call when I am bound to engage in things that are morally unacceptable. It could also call my attention when I do not involve myself so much with other people to have an awareness of what is going on; so that I can look for things or activities that I can deliberately improve to give my best performance in the stage am playing my part, and to do my part

Leadership 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership 2 - Essay Example It is also considered that multicultural workforce tends to have diverse ideas and opinions which are considered as both harmful as well as beneficial. There are numerous organizations in UAE that faces such problems and leaders have to be quite innovative to deal with such problems. Consumers may also feel dissatisfied if employees of an organization cannot communicate efficiently with them. The leaders of organizations in UAE face a significant challenge in this regard to maximize the opportunities that are available and to minimize costs. Organizational Behaviour is concerned about those processes which deal with how individuals, groups, and people cope among themselves in organizational structures. In this regard, organizational behaviour follows an approach which can be termed as systematic. It interprets the relationship between people and organizations in terms of the whole organization, whole group, whole social system, and whole person (Lambert, 2002). It strives to achieve a better relationship between people by achieving objectives such as social, organizational, and human. Organizational behaviour comprises numerous topics such as leadership, change, teams, and human behaviour. It must be noted in this regard that the base of an organization depends on its management’s values, philosophy, goals, and vision. These factors play an important role in driving the culture of an organization which consists of informal organization, formal organization, and social environment. The culture of an organization p lays an important part in determining the type of communication, group dynamics, and leadership within an organization. A multi cultural workforce in an organization comprises people who are from different cultural backgrounds and as such they are considered to have different ways of approaching a problem. Leadership is considered as the ability to

The brand strategies which Toyota May Adopt to improve tarnished brand Essay

The brand strategies which Toyota May Adopt to improve tarnished brand image - Essay Example There are several reasons behind this intensifying competition. Firstly, globalisation is one of the primary reasons for expansion of trade and business that lead to increase competition. Many business organisations have found greater opportunities in overseas market, and free trade policies and agreements between multiple countries facilitated their market expansion programs. The domestic markets have turned into global markets that heightened competition rivalry among existing domestic and new multinational enterprises. Since last two decades, the society has been experiencing a rapid technological improvement. The technological advancements have led to change the structure entire trade and business. The management tasks and operational process are now backed with technology like e-commerce and e-business. A better grip of technological advancement helps a business organisation to gain an upper hand position. ... In this process they aim to achieve strong competitive advantages and core competencies that enable them to gain upper hand position in the market. There are multiple ways to achieve competitive advantages; however, brand development is the most preferred way for creating high business value. The American Marketing Association (AMA) describes a brand as a "name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of other sellers. About.com Marketing Guide further explains that the objective of branding is not just to project yourself as being better than your competitors, but branding seeks to position your brand so uniquely in the minds of your consumers so that they perceive your product as the only possible solution to your problem or need. The objectives of good branding are as follows: Deliver message clearly Confirm credibility Connect target prospects emotiona lly Motivates buyers Concretes User Loyalty The increasing demands of brand development is due to two primary factors i.e. urge for acquiring higher market share and increasing concern towards consumer value. The modern management style and thought process of decision makers have transformed. The modern management concept more focuses on long term benefits by creative a sustainable businesses environment where stakeholders’ wealth and value creation is the first priority. When a company is able to meet these responsibilities towards stakeholders, society, community and environment, it is able to create a high brand image in the market. Managements in modern organisation culture follow management theories and models which are very

The Controversy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The Controversy Analysis - Essay Example When this got to the department of criminal justice, they complied and eliminated to provision of last meal in Texas. By examining some of the various article about the matter, I will discuss what various individuals think about the last meal and the strategies writers have used to strengthen their argument on the subject such as foreshadowing, pathos and logos. In Molly Hennessey’s article, it is evident that the writer wishes to appeal to the readers’ emotion and outrage by describing in vivid detail the quality and quantity of food that was requested by the prisoner as his last meal. The menu which has been described in other quarters as having been enough to feed a family reads like something out of a fives star hotel rather than the content of prison kitchen (Johnson). â€Å"two chicken-fried steaks with gravy and sliced onions; a triple-patty bacon cheeseburger; a cheese omelet with ground beef, tomatoes, onions, bell peppers and jalapeà ±os; a bowl of fried okra with ketchup; one pound of barbecued meat with half a loaf of white bread; three fajitas; a meat-lover’s pizza; one pint of Blue Bell Ice Cream; a slab of peanut-butter fudge with crushed peanuts; and three root beers (Johnson). The first thought that comes to one’s mind is how much did it cost to make that much, and that good food? In addition, why would they make so much food simply because a condemned man requested when it is illogical that even he could not have eaten even a quarter of it? The description easily appeals to the reader’s pathos and likely makes them feel a sense of outrage even before they have read the essay. Furthermore, the writer has foreshadowed a scenario where the prisoner either did not finish or refused to eat the food creating anticipation of more conflict. However, this was not the first application of pathos, from a logical point of view, it would be unfair to blame the prisoner solely for what happened

METAPHYSICS & EPISTEMOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

METAPHYSICS & EPISTEMOLOGY - Essay Example Metaphysics explains the exact nature of reality and tries to prove the facts that have already been identified like whether people have souls and what is the essence of these souls to them. Epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge and what it entails to state the existence of the fact stated. Similarly, it helps the learner to understand how to differentiate whether the fact or object I real or not (Pfister 2007). On the other hand it explains the range and coverage that the learner can cover. This helps the learner to understand the extent of which he can use his ability and available resources to understand in term of how much he can use the reasons and senses to establish the reality. An example of an epistemology study is the decision about the existence of God. Different questions are asked in order to ascertain His existence like can we get to know God better? Can we touch or see Him directly? Is His creation the only way we can know He exists? This branch of psychology mostly relies on the need to establish the statement’s truth, credibility, beliefs and

Chipping Away at Intel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chipping Away at Intel - Case Study Example The reorganization of Architecture Group took place in the third year of Barrett’s tenure, in which a new unit consisting of networking operations and merger of communications was established. The intention behind these reorganizations was decentralization; and making decision making process stronger so that business operations would be carried out in a systematic way. In the tenure of Barrett, Intel had to face environmental pressures which disturbed company’s reputation and finances. The three most significant environmental pressures faced by Intel were competitor’s effect, economic turmoil & geopolitical factor and fall of corporate reputation. Intel went into the production of network servers and routers. This initiative was not applauded by Cisco and Dell, which were its biggest customers of chips. Intel had to eventually stop the production of network servers and routers. Advanced Micro Devices produced Athlon processor chip which was faster than Intel Pentium III chip. The political and economic situation of the region was also not promising as September, 2001 attacks brought U.S economy down. The threat of U.S troop’s invasion also into Iraq did not bring good results for the economic market of U.S. Its consequences were seen in the stock market where Intel share went down from $26 to $20 in October 2001. The 60% downfall of shares was a big concern for company’s prestige. A tremendous internal organizational pressure was recorded in the possession of CEO Craig Barrett due to his thrive for change and innovation. The objectives of Barrett were to achieve employee’s job satisfaction and better customer services, but this whole idea turned out differently. Job rotation of 80% of the Micro processing Unit staff created uncertainty in job roles and responsibilities. The idea of Barrett was that employees would know about company’s diverse operations by adapting

Types of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers,composites) Essay

Types of materials (metals, ceramics, polymers,composites) - Essay Example Hexagonal and cubic close packed are the most efficient ways with coordination number of 12. Metals have metallic bonding that occurs as a result of electromagnetic attraction between electrons and protons. The metallic bonds are strong and provide metals with great strength and localized atoms at solid state but have delocalized electrons. The electrons are usually delocalized with the ability to move that makes metals have good conductivity of heat and electricity (Reger, Goode, & Ball, 2010). The arrangement of these electrons in the metallic bonding is usually in an orderly manner. The numbers of delocalized electrons depend on the valence of specific metal element. The orderly arrangement of the atoms in metals provides the crystalline structure with many crystals bordering each other. The presence of the positive and negative forces in the metals also assists in the reactivity of metals with non-metals to form covalent bonds. These are materials made of inorganic molecules through heating of the powder or slurry that are commonly thermal and electrical insulators. The composition of ceramics may contain atoms of metalloid, nonmetal and metals. Ceramics are not metals, polymers nor semiconductors. At least one of the elements in ceramics must be nonmetallic. The application of heat to the powder fabricates it to form ceramics. Sometimes there is use of pressure and heat together in forming ceramics. Ceramics are mostly composition of two or more elements hence they are compounds in nature. Most of the ceramics are made of compounds containing nitride and oxides which are highly crystalline. Others may also contain borides, carbides and silicide from reaction with metals. Examples of ceramics include aluminum oxide, silicon nitride and magnesium oxide. Ceramics have a varied structure that range from simple to being very complex. Ceramics exhibit short range

Importance of supply chain management

Importance of supply chain management Introduction Supply chain management is a method of moving materials and associated information effectively and efficiently within inter and intra organisations. To get this task done in the desired way, use of e-business applications is essential. Supply chain management includes the coordination of the organisation involved in the supply side activities with the customers who are receiving the products (Chaffeey, 2009, pp 331). Supply chain management starts with identifying the resources and linking them with the processes which commence with the sources of raw materials and continues until the delivery of the items done through the end consumer. A supply chain activity differs from companies to companies but they provide the benefits of specialisation of process and the economy of scale (Trkman et al, 2007). Importance of supply chain management: An improved supply chain adds superior value to the organisations operation which ultimately gives superior value proposition to the end user for which efficient customer response (ECR) is crucial because ECR deals with the demand management which is required for satisfying the demand of customer by quickly and effectively applying product assortment strategies, rapid introduction of the new product and marketing communication by reducing stocks and delivery time (Chaffeey, 2009, pp 335). Elements of supply chain management: The way the knowledge and flow of information is processes and its outcomes received along with protection of intellectual property are important part in a supply chain strategy. Knowledge here is the information that the organisation has accumulated through years of experience and applying them for planning and   implementing strategy. The improvement in the processing technology of computers and advent of softwares like MS outlook, Lotus Notes that have facilitated the arrangement of discrete information in a logical and useful manner, these abilities give rise to the concept of knowledge and information management which is crutial for effectively managing the supply chain. For an organisation which is highly influenced by customer needs and expectations for them knowledge management is of great significance in two main areas that are customer intelligence and new product innovation as during supplying to customers there are multiple touch points in the organisation where customer interacts with it, Therefore the ability of an organisation to reap information about the customers behaviour and choice on this touch points proves to be a critical wealth of information which helps in customer retaining and growing customer value. In contrast with the new product innovation, the knowledge which flows across the suppliers, customers and market factors by sharing it across the supply chain leads to innovation and increased involvement of supplier in the innovation process  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  (Croom, 2005). Benefits of adopting Electronic Supply Chain Management: The Following improvements can be found by adopting the e-business supply chain management: Cost performance: by improved productivity and lower input prices Customer Service: by providing service quality Process capability: by maintaining consistency in quality Productivity and dependability: by increased control of material flows along the supply chain (Tan, 2001) Supply chain management involves improving the internal processes, but also processes performed in conjunction with suppliers, distributors and customers. It also provides great opportunities to improve product performance and deliver superior value to the customers. As a result supply chain management can dramatically have an impact on the profitability of a company through reducing operational cost and increasing customer satisfaction and so loyalty and revenue (Chaffey, 2009, PP335). Supply Chain Models: The supply chain model from the system viewpoint can be seen as involving the following processes: attaining resources or inputs, transforming the resources/inputs into outputs that is the product/services and lastly delivering the outputs to the end customers. In terms of e-business the supply chain can be optimised to provide better and efficient delivery while minimising the cost. Push and Pull supply chain model: Push supply chain: These involves delivery of product/service to passive customers. The objective of this model is optimising the process while attaining cost effectiveness and efficiency. The features of this model are development of new products, data integration, minimised technology utilisation, longer cycle time and the large inventory. Pull supply chain: This involves value delivering to end customers. This supply chain includes active customers who encourage improved quality and value of products/services. The model emphasise and identifies the requirement of customers by carrying out market research for developing and improving the products. The supply chain focuses on delivering value while reducing cost. Upstream supply chain: Disintermediation: This involves directly buying from the supplier. This results in lesser costs and reduced cycle time. Reintermediation: This involves business to business exchange of the products. Downstream supply chain: Disintermediation: This involves direct selling to customers, while incurring reduced cost of sales and enhanced cycle time. Reintermediation: This involves competition in newer markets by business to business transactions.   Shell chemicals: Shell chemicals is one of the largest petrochemicals producers in the world who supplies the bulk material to the large industries for the manufacturing of industrial and the consumer goods. It is very crucial for such an organisation like shell to have a well planned and controlled Supply chain management. Issues: Prior to the adoption of electronic supply chain management in shell, everything was managed manually that involves lot of time consuming activities. Due to this time consuming process there was a threat that a customer might bear a lack of important ingredient at plant time. Hence to tackle these kind of problem companies maintain safety stocks to avoid shortage, it involves cost to maintain any safety stocks. Supply chain process: SIMON: In 1995 shell has adopted SIMON (Shell Inventory Managed Order Network) system that acts as a Electronic data interchange initially for managing the downstream supply chain. Soon after its success in downstream it was applied to upstream process. SIMON facilitates supplier to get anticipated demand, calculate stock and track shipment status for which customer needs to input three kinds of data, that are current stock level, estimated demand for stock and location, timing and quantity for the shipment details.   Elemica: In the year 2005, shell updated itself by implementing Elemica in its supply chain that was founded by around 22 leaders of the chemical industry. The major benefit to adopt Elemica was standardisation. It offers value to their customers by automation of the processes in the business. For instance the buying and selling of chemicals and then expand the value of that connection by making the new marketing channels and efficiency opportunities by means of our web solutions and supply chain offerings (Elemica, 2010).   Integrated Supply chain: Elemicas revolutionary and new business network completely links the operational base, while eliminating the hurdles of transaction and communication between the processes. Flawless accessibility and transparency of the supply chain provides the power of efficiently carrying out the operations and removing access personnels, assets and inventory. Elimica utilises a standard format in its integrated supply chain structure, which is also favourable for organisations existing in similar industries.   Process: The supply chain Elimica records and maintain inventory and sales forecast on daily basis, that helps in analysing customer satisfaction. This is further collaborated with the ERP system of the Elimica hub (). Global reach and connectivity: Elimicas founders happen to be the most renowned and established leaders in the global industry. This provides an international base for business, that helps in drawing the attention of both buyers and sellers. This phenomenon further builds up an opportunity to develop relations with new customers. Elimica acts as a facilitator for business transactions on this global platform. Security: Elemica has adopted several measures to protect accessibility and data flow. This helps in safeguarding the transactions of customers/participants. Strict data protection measures, encryption technology and transparent firewalls are features of security offered by Elimica. The policies and processes are regularly checked to meet the security standards. Conclusion: After critically evaluating the supply chain management of Shell chemicals, it was found that the benefits of adopting Elemica is seen in the form of improvement in supply chain management that includes reduced cost resulting in cost efficiency, improved quality resulting in customer satisfaction, increased capability of process and increased productivity and dependability. Ultimately these improvements fuelled the profitability of the company. Recommendation: While dealing with the decisions regarding the implementation of e-business in the process of supply chain, companies should look for the strategy that is most appropriate for the unusual processes combined with the blueprint of the operation. It is mainly important for those small organisations which cannot invest huge money at particular time period. Managers should carefully consider coherence between the internet tools to adapt choices in terms of integration with customers and supplies. The internet can support and facilitate information sharing, both in collaborative or in market-type relationships, or can be used to support closer integration (system coupling) with the partners (Cagliano et al, 2005). Prior to a client switching to a new SCM system there should be adequate testing to see if the system meets the clients requirements. When a standard supply chain template is modified to suit a customers requirements, particular care should be used in the implementation and provider firms should be very insistent that client forms follow the providers implementation methodology (Sridharan et al, 2005 ). Reference: Croom, S.R (2005), The impact of e-business on supply chain management, International journal of operations and production management, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 55-73. Chaffey, D (2009) Supply chain management E-business and E-commerce management. Harlow. Prentice Hall,PP 331 Chaffey, D (2009) Supply chain management E-business and E-commerce management. Harlow. Prentice Hall,PP 335 Cagliano, R., Caniato, F. and Spina, G. (2005) How companies are sharing their supply chain through the internet International Journal of operations and production management, Vol15 No.12, pp1309-1327. Elemica (2010) Supply chain [Online]. Available from: http://www.elemica.com/solutions/elemica-solutions.html Accessed on [15/03/2010]. Sridharan, U.V., Caines, W.R., Patterson,C.C (2005), Implementation of supply chain management and its impact on the value of firms, Supply chain management: An International Journal, Vol10 No. 4, PP 313-318. Trkman, P Stemberger, M.I Jaklic, J and Groznic, A (2007) Process approach to supply chain integration, Supply chain management: An International Journal, Vol12 No.2, pp 116-128. Tan, K.C. (2001), A framework of supply chain management literature, European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 39-48.

Physicochemical Study of Palm Ester for Cosmetic Application

Physicochemical Study of Palm Ester for Cosmetic Application 2.0 Introduction Palm oil is extracted from the fruit of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis. Besides, Malaysia is one of the leading exporters and producers of palm oil in the world (Keng et al., 2005 Palm oil has been widely applied in various industrial sectors due to the uniqueness of its composition (Keng et al., 2009). It consists of triglycerides; the combination of glycerol and different fatty acids. Furthermore, other palm oil fractions can be extracted as palm oil is rich in Palmitic acid and Oleic acid (OBrien, 2004). Specifically, in this study, Palm Olein will be used to produce palm ester instead of the other fractions. Wax esters are one of the most important ingredients in cosmetic formulations (Hallberg et al., 1999). The emollient behavior of wax esters makes it applicable for numerous personal care products (Peter Robert, 2001). Besides, synthetic ways to produced ester has been introduced since naturally occurring wax esters are limited and expensive (Keng et al., 2009). Thus, in this study lipase-catalyzed reaction of Palm Olein and Oleyl alcohol by using immobilized lipase will be carried out in order to synthesize wax esters (palm ester). Physicochemical study as well as thermal stability will also be conducted since the characterization of esters is important in order to examine their effectiveness in industrial applications. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 Waxes In general, the mixture of long-chain of lipid forming a protective coating on plant leaves and animals is waxes (Keng et al., 2005). Besides, it has been used commercially in many areas. Lubricants, polishes, coating materials are some of its applications (Hamilton, 1995; Hallberg et al., 1999). Carnuba wax, beeswax, wool wax and spermaceti wax are some examples of waxes that exist naturally. Animals, plants and minerals are the source of natural waxes (Gunawan et al., 2005). Thus, waxes can be classified into two types which are natural waxes and synthetic waxes. 3.1.1 Natural Waxes Sperm whale oil is one of the natural waxes and it can be found in the open ocean. Years ago, the whale species of P. macrocephalaus was a prime source of wax. This is because of the liquid wax called spermaceti that contained in the head of the whale (Rice, 2009). The liquid wax is present abundantly in the spermaceti organ of the whales. Moreover, manufacturers found that spermaceti is very useful (Whale facts, 10 November 2014). It is a great substance that can be used in many sectors. However, due to the extinction of this species, the government has banned all the whale hunting. Thus, jojoba oil has become the main natural sources of wax since the cessation of whale hunting (Keng et al., 2009). Other than that, Jojoba is a shrub which can be found in Arizona, Mexico and some other areas (Allawzi et al., 1997). The seed of the Simmondsia chinesia (jojoba) plant contain a unique oil which known as jojoba oil. Besides, jojoba oil makes up approximately 50% of the seed’s weight. It is composed of the straight chain monoesters of the monounsaturated C20and C22 alcohols and acids (Wisniak, 1994). Furthermore, the uniqueness of jojoba oil is due to its chemical composition. It contains a little or no glycerin. As the glycerin is almost completely absence, it indicates that jojoba differs from the other seed oil. It is proved that it is a liquid wax not fat. 3.2.2 Synthetic Waxes Day by day, the demands of waxes keep growing. Unfortunately, it is too expensive for large-scale use of natural waxes like jojoba oil. Moreover, it requires up to 5 years for commercial jojoba plantations to start produce seeds (Keng et al., 2009). Thus, ways to synthesize wax with cheaper materials and in shorter time become very crutial (Radzi et al., 2005). In order to synthesize synthetic wax, chemical and enzymatic methods can be used (Keng et al., 2005). However, chemical-catalyzed method may leads to high energy consumption and degradation of esters whereas the enzymatic synthesis offers mild reactions and environmental-friendly process (Yadav Lathi, 2003). Normally, synthetic waxes are used in cosmetics formulations as replacement of natural waxes. Synthetic waxes from natural raw materials have not much different from the natural ones. Synthetic beeswax, synthetic spermaceti, polyethylene waxes and polawax are the examples of synthetic waxes (SpecialChem, 8 November 2014) 3.2.3 Wax Ester The long chain of esters that derived from fatty acids and alcohols are referred as wax esters (Chen Wang, 1997). The chemical structure of wax ester is shown in Figure 1 below. Typically, it is composed of n-alkanoic acids and n-alkan-1-ols with carbon atoms ranging from C12-C32 (Misra Ghosh, 1991). Wax esters are very important in various industries, especially in cosmetic formulations. This is due to its characteristics which are non-irritating and non-greasy feeling when in contact with skin (Peter Robert, 2001). Figure 1: The Chemical Structure of Wax Ester (AOCS lipid library, 10 November) Wax ester can be extracted from animals and plants. Besides, it is a major component of beeswax and jojoba plants. Hence, it’s can’t be deny that the extraction of wax ester from natural sources are expensive for commercial use and it is limited (Keng et al., 2005) 3.2 Palm Oil In early 1870, the oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) has been introduced in Malaysia as an ornamental plant by British (Malaysian palm oil council, 11 November 2014). The oil palm tree originates from West Africa (Hartley, 1988). Typically, it has been used as cooking oil. As this plant can be commercialized, it has also been introduced to many other countries. From wild plant, it was developed into an agricultural crop. Moreover, the expansion of its plantation was due to the high demands from the consumers. Figure 2 below shows the oil palm tree as an agricultural crop. Figure 2: The Oil Palm Tree (Wikipedia Palm Oil, 12 November 2014) The first commercial of oil palm in Malaysia was founded on 1917 (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). From that onwards, the huge palm oil industry in Malaysia had started. Recently, palm oil, the extraction from the fruit of oil palm is the leading agricultural crop of Malaysia (MPOB, 2004). Besides, Malaysia has been announced as one of the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The uniqueness of palm oil composition makes it easy to be commercialized. In addition, it has been applied in many industrial sectors such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic formulations and food manufacturing (Keng et al, 2005). In Malaysia, the oil palm trees planted are the crossbred of dura and pisifera, known as tenera variety (Latiff, 2000). The mature trees will grow up to 20m tall. The size of the palm fruits is approximately the same with the size of the small plum and it’s grow in bunches. The weight of each bunch is between 10-50 kilograms and containing around 2000 individual fruits. Usually, the oil palm tree will start to produce fruits after 30 months. Its productivity will keep growing for the next 3 decades (Palm oil world, 11 November 2014). Normally, the fruits are dark purple and almost black (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The colour will turns to reddish orange when ripe. The fruits consist of an outer pulp and kernels (Gunstone, 2001). The fruit of palm tree is the source of two different oils. Palm oil and palm kernel oil are the types of oil that can be obtained from the fruit of oil palm tree (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 11 November 2014). The outer pulp contains palm oil while palm kernel oil is obtained from the kernel of the fruit. Even though these two types of oil are derived from the same plant, they are completely different by comparing their characteristics and properties (Keng et al, 2009). Figure 3 below shows the fruit bunches of oil palm tree and its cross section. Figure 3: The Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm Tree and Its Cross Section. (Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 12 November 2014) Furthermore, palm oil consists of triglycerides. Triglycerides are a combination of glycerol and different fatty acids. Palm oil is rich in palmitic acid and oleic acid, while palm kernel oil is rich lauric acid (O’Brien, 2004). Besides, these fats can be fractionated into solid and liquid fractions to produce stearins and oleins, respectively (Keng et al, 2009). Even though Lipase-catalyzed reaction of palm oil and palm kernel oil by using lipase are quite simple, the characterization of long chain esters is significant in order to examine their ability and efficiency in industrial sector. Palm Olein, the liquid fraction of palm oil will be used in the synthesis of palm ester instead of the other fractions (Malaysian Palm Oil Council, 12 November 2014). Thus, the synthesis, physicochemical properties and thermal stability of palm ester will be carried out specifically focusing on alm Olein. 3.3 Enzymes Human body is characterized by complex system of related chemical reaction. Besides, the reaction must be fully controlled in order to maintain life. Thus, enzymes are necessary for many reactions to confirm that it occur at suitable rates (Brown et al., 2012). Enzyme is a substance that speeds up reactions without any permanent changes and also known as catalyst. The building blocks of enzymes are amino acids and they are proteins. Enzyme catalyzes reaction takes place at specific location known as active site. Usually, enzymes are specific according to the reaction they catalyzed and the substrate that involves in the reaction. However, unwelcoming inhibitors are naturally occurring and disturb the enzyme reaction. Since enzymes are flexible, the active site is continuously reshaped. Besides, the combination of enzyme and substrate is called the enzyme-substrate complex. As the enzymes react with many substrates, the rigid lock and key model is not valid. In 1958, the modification of lock and key model has been proposed. Figure 4 below shows the modification of lock and key model (Koshland, 1958). Figure 4: The Lock and Key Model (Wikipedia, 11 November 2014) 3.3.1 Lipases Lipases are water-soluble enzyme and it’s able to catalyze both hydrolytic and synthetic reaction. Lipases are widely used in many sectors. They play an important role in the production of leather, detergent industries and in production of surfactants (Knezevic et al., 2004). Naturally, lipases are used in hydrolysis of acylglycerides. However, they are useful in many other reactions. In fact, lipases are qualified of catalyzing the reverse reaction synthesis Due to its ability to combine with broad range of substrate specificity (Gandhi, 1997). Besides, some lipases are more suited for synthesis than hydrolysis reactions. 3.3.2 Immobilized Lipases Lipases used in detergents and many other applications are not immobilized. However, due to an increasing specialty application of lipases demand an immobilized biocatalyst for efficient use (Sharma et al., 2001). Besides, immobilized lipase can reduce the cost and poor stability of free lipase. Adsorption, covalent binding and entrapping are some of the immobilization techniques (Knezeic et al., 2004). Since the immobilization method is typically accompanied by changes in enzymatic activity, pH, temperature and stability, each of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages. Besides, the used of immobilized lipases are very useful in the pharmaceutical, oleochemical and food industry (Knezevic et al., 2004). 3.4 Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction Lipase-catalyzed reaction can be classified into two main categories which are hydrolysis and synthesis. Synthesis category can be further separated into esterification, interesterification, alcoholysis and acidolysis. Table 1 below shows the classification of lipase-catalyzed reaction. Table 1: The Classification of Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction (Gandhi, 1997) In this experiment, alcoholysis of lipase-catalyzed reaction will be conducted. It is also called enzymatic transesterification as the last three reactions (interesterifiction, alcohoysis and acidolysis) are grouped together into single term which is transesterification (Gandhi, 1997). 3.5 Oleyl Alcohol Oleyl alcohol is long chain fatty acids. Fatty acids can be derived from natural fats and oils. Besides, it can be found I beef fat as well as fish oils. Cis-9-Octadecen-1-ol and Oleo alcohol are the synonyms name of oleyl alcohol. The chemical formula of oleyl alcohol is CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH2OH. Moreover, oleyl alcohol is a clear oily liquid and insoluble in water (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014). Furthermore, fatty alcohols are emulsifiers and emollients to make skin smoother and prevent moisture loss (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014). Hence, it has been used widely as raw materials in industrial sectors such as cosmetics, pharmaceutical, metal processing and lube additive. In this study, Oleyl alcohol will be used as internal standard of gas chromatography analyses. The chemical structure of oleyl alcohol is shown in Figure 5; Figure 5: The Chemical Structure Of Oleyl Alcohol (chemicalland21, 10 November 2014) 3.6 The Application of Physicochemical Study in Cosmetic Formulations Nowadays, industrial cosmetic has immerged along with the advancement of global technology. The development of new cosmetic formulations is due to the discovery of active component in herbs and other natural sources. Thus, study has been done in order to investigate the chemical composition and characteristics of the active components. 3.6.1 Physicochemical Study According to Brasil (2004), physicochemical study is the determinant step in the development of cosmetic formulations. Physicochemical study is the study of the relations between composition and physical properties of the elements. Besides, this study is significant in order to know the intrinsic properties of elements and their ability to react with specific reagent (High Technology Detection Systems, 12 November 2014). Slip melting point, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value and acid value are the physicochemical measurement that will be analyzed in this study. Slip melting point is one of the physical properties which is useful in identification purposes and assessment of purity. It’s proportional to the increase in chain length and degree of saturation. In addition, slip melting points fats usually contain 5% solid fat; thus slip melting point generally happens at lower temperature than the melting point of the fat itself (Akoh et al., 2004). The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed in the medium is known as the refractive index. Besides, refractive index is easily determined characteristics of fats, oils and their derivatives. It is important to obtain an accurate refractive index for the purposes of identification and for the progress of reaction like catalytic and isomerization. Generally, for the liquid oils, the density increases with increase in unsaturation and decreases with the increase in molecular weight at constant temperature. On the other hand, the refractive index will increases with the length of hydrocarbon chain and when the number of double bonds in molecules increase (Formo, 1999). Saponification is hydrolysis of ester under alkaline solution. Saponification value is the measure of chain length of all fatty acids present. The saponification value of an oil or fat is defined as the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty acids resulting from the complete hydrolysis of 1 g of the sample. Besides, low saponification value is found from the long chain fatty acids due to the fewer number of carboxylic functional groups (Virtual Amrita Laboratories Universalizing Education, 13 November 2014). For the Iodine value, it measures the content of unsaturation or double bonds of fats and oils. Besides, it is one of the parameters used to measure the quality of olein (Buana et al., 1998). The iodine value also denotes the percentage by weight halogen, calculated as iodine and absorbed under the condition of the test. It is expressed as the number of iodine (grams) absorbed by the fat (100 grams) under test condition. According to O’Brien (1988), iodine value is a valuable constant that can be easily determined for fats and oils. One of the common parameter used in specification of fats and oils is acid value. It is defined as the number of milligrams potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize the free acid in one gram of sample. Besides, it is a measure of free fatty acids present in the fat or oil (chemprime, 13 November 2014). 3.6.2 Applications in Cosmetic Since ancient times, natural extracts from animals, plants and minerals have been used as special ingredients in cosmetics (Elsner Maibach, 2000). Wax esters are formulated in numerous personal care products due to its emollient behavior. Due to that, proper study on its characteristics is as important as the synthesis reaction (Keng et al., 2009). Besides, one of the most essential phases in development of new cosmetic formulations is the adequate physicochemical characterization to guarantee the identification of new patentable compound (Crystal Engineering, 12 November 2014). Physicochemical study is not a visible nor directly applied in cosmetic. However, the determination of each properties of physicochemical study is important in order to verify the compatibility of the extraction of palm oil for cosmetic application. Besides, it is important to verify whether the cosmetics are safe to be used. Hence, in this study the physicochemical properties of palm oil fraction focusing on palm olein will be carried out. 4.0 Problem Statement Currently, most of the chemical product derived from synthetic origin. However, product produced from chemical synthesis is not pure and involved hazardous chemicals. Thus, enzymatic reaction is preferable due to green synthesis process, environmental friendly and the product is pure. Physicochemical study is important in cosmetic formulations. However, rarely study on physicochemical had been reported in journal and any research paper. Due to that, in this research, a physicochemical study will be carried out such as slip melting point, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value, and acid stability. Besides, thermal stability will also be carried out in this research. Nowadays, a lot of synthesized products had been produce. However, the verification of those products was rarely reported. Hence, in this study, the synthesized product will be verified using spectroscopy methods such as thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC). 5.0 Objectives In this study, the synthesis of palm ester will be carried out. Enzymatic synthesis will be applied in order to produce palm ester. Besides, the physicochemical study will be conducted in order to apply palm ester in cosmetics. Therefore, this particular work will be carried out with the following objectives: To synthesize palm ester through enzymatic transesterification. To investigate the physicochemical properties and thermal stability of palm ester. To verify the synthesized palm ester using spectroscopy methods.

CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Damen in his Culture Learning defined Culture as the shared patterns of behavior and interactions and affective understanding learned through the process of socialization (Damen, 1987). Psychology is simply a field of study that concerns itself with behavior. Cross cultural psychology is therefore the scientific study of human behavior and mental behavior and process, including both variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions, (Ho, Wu, 2001). It is a branch of psychology that studies the relationship between culture and human behavior (Matsumoto, 2000). This type of psychology delves in investigative studies to recognize cultural variation in behavior and such other variables as language and meanings. According to Walter J Loner while writing in the Journal: Eye on Psi Chi Cross, Cultural psychology is not an independent field within the entire sphere of psychology that revolves around in-depth examination of emotions, language acquisition, personality, social behavior, family and social relationship Eye on Psi SChi 4(3). 22-26.Cross cultural psychology not only encompasses studies in both the similarities and the differences in psychological functioning in various cultural and ethnic set ups but also the relationships between such key variables as psychological, socio-cultural, ecological and biological. It considers culture as necessary for functioning, development and behavior in a cultural context. Diverse forms of comparative research are the major actions/exercises in understanding cross cultural psychology focused at making any distinctions in cultural factors directly related to development and behavior. According to Berry et al 1997, these researches seek evidence of how culture can be taken as a set of variables, contextual or independent that affects various aspects of individual behavior. Cross cultural psychology need not to be confused with cultural. Though related to some extent, some distinctions separate the two. The relationship between cultural and cross-cultural psychology like any other comparative studies, the relationship between cultural and cross-cultural psychology entail differences and similarities. These comparisons are discussed below. Differences While cross cultural psychology studies strive to determine any possible shared behavior and mental processes in cultures, cultural psychology is a field within psychology that hold the view that human behavior is dependent on individuals unique culture. Differences in interpretation of culture account for the differences between cross-cultural psychology and cultural psychology. They differ in two ways, although they sometimes overlap and are taken as synonymous by some psychologists (Lonner, 2000). Cultural psychology focuses on various ethnic groups such as African-Americans. Cross-cultural psychology, in contrast, emphasizes differences between two or more cultures. Besides, cultural or ethnic psychology rooted in the United States has a briefer history than cross cultural psychology does. Similarities Despite the afore-mentioned evident differences in cultural psychology and cross culture, the two cannot be divorced from each other since they both share certain commonalities. Both studies are rooted from cultural studies of psychology which as discussed earlier, entail behavioral and mental analysis in context of varied cultural environment. While cultural psychology seeks to explore certain behavioral characteristics within a specific culture, cross cultural psychology compare these characteristic from one culture to another. These both studies focus on similar elements of culture. Also both studies employ similar techniques: quantitative and qualitative. For this reason most often the research approaches are almost similar. The role of critical thinking in cross-cultural psychology According to Shiraew Levy, critical thinking in cross cultural psychology is the most vital and indispensable component of learning. To describe a phenomena in a cultural contexts, social phenomena such as a peoples language reflects their personal values, biases, likes, prejudices etc. This results in their language coded in such a way that the language will reveals much about the cultures events, individuals or whatever group they are trying to describe (Shiraew Levy 2010). Through intuition, people automatically compare their own mental representation to identify or judge a given phenomena, i.e. they set their cultural values and believe systems as the standards to judge a given phenomena. This biased perspective results in lack of objectivity in assessing behavior and specific phenomena in other cultures. Psychologists claim that all cultures suffer from this problem. This explains intercultural conflicts in the society. Critical thinking in cross cultural psychology is not only a subject of study in examining cultures, but also a tool in analyzing and evaluating the way people think critically and behave in a given culture. The methodology associated with cross-cultural research Being a behavioral study, cross cultural psychology lacks a clear and scientific research technique which poses the study with a serious problem (Escotet, March 25-27 1973). While scientific approaches depict modern trends, the evaluation of cultures has become complicated and highly subjective. Matsumoto Vijver, (2010) argue that regardless of the method of measurement and approach, one of the basic issues researchers may become aware of is the relationship among cultural distance and the probability of generating differences Depending on the nature of the study, contextual factors such as education, age or socio-economic status of the participants affects the validity research approach and findings. Including such factors in a study will not only enhance the validity, but also help in eliminating any biases. Matsumoto Vijver (2010). Shiraev Levy advises purport there are two major divisions of research in these fields: qualitative and quantitative. While qualitative approaches uses median, mode, variance and standard deviation etc to describe human behavior, qualitative technique uses unobservable human behavior such as dreams. Shiraew Levy (2010). Conclusion In conclusion, to understand the heart of human behavior and cognitions across cultures, cross cultural psychology is perfect tool of evaluation. Differentiating cross cultural psychology from cultural is the stepping stone to evaluating cultures. While cultural psychology seeks to find out how culture causes variation in psychology, cross cultural seeks to justify or explain objective description and subjective evaluations of cultures.

Civil War Medicine :: essays research papers

Civil War Medicine In the Civil War era medical advances were few and so were surgeons. This time period is known in medical history as the â€Å"Medical Middle-Ages†. This was the beginning of the technology of today. In this time doctors or physicians were known as surgeons. At the beginning of the war the United States Medical Corp. consisted of less than one hundred people on staff. This included the United States Surgeon General, thirty-six surgeons, and many assistant surgeons. Soon after the war started twelve of the thirty-six surgeons left for the Confederacy. Though the Confederacy had few surgeons they kept up the pace very well. It was because the surgeons knew very little about diseases that two out of every three soldiers that died in the war died from disease. Most soldiers died from diseases such as measles, mumps, and whooping cough. There were also many deaths from the lack of cleanliness in the hospitals. In some cases they would reuse wound dressing and put some straw over used bedding and dirty floor. When the top layer got dirty they would put a new layer on. Most of this changed when women were allowed to help in care for the men. It was Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton who were first to offer their help followed by many women’s organizations. Most of the women who offered their help and support had to do so by voluntary acts. Dix was appointed Superintendent of Women Nurses. One of the standards that Dix established for her nurses was that they be plain looking and middle-aged. Recruits nicknamed her â€Å"Dragon Dix†. Contrary to popular belief surgeons did use anesthesia in most surgeries. It is stated by Geocities that â€Å"A patient only having a bullet to bite was basically a myth†.

she never speaks :: essays research papers

Have you seen her? You may have walked or even drove by her more than one time. You may have noticed her glistening red skin, the voluptuous curves on her body, or used her for exercise. I cannot say it was love at first sight when I first saw her, she appeared to be like all the others I had been with; however, she possessed something that I could not describe. When the wind blew it was as if she was calling my name so I could not stay away from her. I have spent many hours in the blistering hot sun preparing myself for those special times that I would have with her. I have shed both blood and tears for her. My woman is not an average female, she is extraordinary. She never asks where have I been or why I have not called. She is content with where she is and does not complain. She does things that other women would not do. My woman is like a dirty rest area, open to the public twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. There is no admission fee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People call her the â€Å"neighborhood girl†. She knows the corner where she belongs to and knows how to please. For her age, she is in pretty good shape. Not just men, but people from all over the country come to be with her. She does not discriminate against anyone. People of all ages, races, classes and genders have access to her. Many people are with her at more than one time. Sometimes there can be ten to forty people with her. When I see more than one person with her, I do not get jealous with her because I know that she can make them better, and I know that they need her more than I do. The first time I was with her I only lasted for ten seconds, but I have made dramatic improvements. She has a lot of miles on her since she has been broken in from the years of pounding. Her legs stretch for miles. They are straight like runways for planes awaiting take off. She takes me places I have never seen or been before. On many occasions when I’m with her, we become one. When I am with her, I am able to distance myself from all the other odors exhausted by others who are also on her.