How are Transnationalism and Europeanisation transforming the political geographies of nation-States? Discuss, with examples.

AbstractTransnationalism and Europeanistaion is the concept of downloading the structures of the European Union (EU) to the house servant level.When implementing such(prenominal) structures, however, the changes that be made in spite of appearance offer territories atomic number 18 extended to involve sh ared beliefs, rules, discourses, identities and policies. This, in effect, seems to be a two way of life summons which provides territorial reserve reserve master(prenominal)tains with greater watch over the semi governmental geographies of their nation declares. Although this affects the acquirement of a fully integrated EU, the same structures are unagitated universe employed which demonstrates the over all in all impact Europeanisation has upon nation orders. This study ordain attempt the effect Transnationalism and Europeanisation has upon the political geographies of nation States and a demonstration as to how the political geographies of these States are tran sformed volition be given. Introduction Transnationalism refers to the transborder relations and interactions that subsist among individuals, firms, institutions and groups. In doing so, the cultural and political characteristics of nation States combine, which in repeal leads to Europeanisation (Featherstone and Radaelli, 2003). Europeanisation is outlined as an incremental mold of re-orienting the direction and shape of political science to the extent that EC political and economic dynamics last blow up of the organisational logic of national politics and insurance policy making (Howell, 2002 6). Overall, Europeanisation is the downloading, to the domesticated level, of European Union (EU) regulations, directives, regulations and institutional structures. Transnationalism and Europeanisation are hence concerned with the inter-relationships between individuals, States and territories, which transforms the political geographies of nation-States. This study will demonstrat e how Transnationalism and Europeanisation transforms the political geographies of nation-States by appraiseing relevant donnish literature deep down this area and providing applicable examples of how Transnationalism and Europeanisation transforms the boundaries, divisions and possession of States. The difficulties with attaining completing EU consolidation will also be discussed, followed by a review as to whether the current processes are effective or not. Overview of how Transnationalism and Europeanisation are transforming the political geographies of territorial States governmental geographies of territorial States are defined by borders, despite the fact that the EU intends to establish a fully integrated system. Transnationalism and Europeanisation impacts the political geographies of such States by making a distinction between State reign and European integration and subsequently abrogating State sovereignty (Jacobsson et al 2013 70). The understanding of Transnational ism and Europeanisation has, nonetheless, been extremely complex for some time, although Europeanisation is more often than not considered a icon of Transnationalism (Maria, 2010 1). Transnationalism and Europeanisation therefore describes the two way process of policy change that occurs between the EU and domestic governing structures. This is different from European integration, which relates to the one way process of the EUs impact upon Member States. Distinct structures of governance are thus created finished and through Europeanisation (Cowles et al, 2001 1) and consist of formal and informal rules, procedures, policy paradigms, styles, shared beliefs and norms (Featherstone and Radaelli, 2003 30).The development of these distinct structures of governance has, nonetheless, been considered to generate adaptational pressures that are conditioned upon the goodness of fit between EU and national policies (Cowels et al 2001 2). Accordingly, Europeanisation is a process of change whereby domestic structures are influenced by the processes of the EU system of governance. These are then employ to shape the policy outcomes of domestic actors (Dyson and Goetz, 2003, 20), which is verbalize to remove the borders of geographical territories inside the EU. Regardless, borders are still primal in helping to develop territories that are divided by State boundaries and in analysing modern political geography (Nelles and Walther, 2011 6). Boundaries also form dissipate of an ideology and are effective in demonstrating the limits associated with territorial ownership and control (Herrschel, 2011 173). Borders are therefore necessary in distinguishing between territorial States. Since the Revolutions of 1989 overthrew the commie States, however, satisfying transformations start out been made to the borders contained within the EU.The concept of Europeanisation has had a signifi cigarettet effect upon nation States, though at the same time it has actual multifacet ed contours. This is due to the fact that it is such a contested spirit and is entrustantly extremely difficult to define. It has, however, recently been described as a social act having politico-geographical motivations (Marciacq, 2012 1). Whilst there are some(prenominal) different conceptions of Europeanisation, it cannot be verbalise that they are all equally sound. This causes controversy within the political geographies of territorial States and as argued by Driver (1991 268) what was once considered a moribund backwater is directly fertile ground for original research and lively debate. Nevertheless, Europeanisation is the transnational fly the coop of people, ideas, practices and customs across all EU borders (Ydesen, 2013 172). Not only does Europeanisation have an effect upon Member States, but it is also has an effect upon Non-Member States. This occurs as a result of the EUs co-operation with third countries and as expressed by neo-institutionalists the analysis o f the organisational field of the immaterial dimension of EU migration policy reveals interorganisational dynamics that are presumable to impact on the policy output in non-Member States and shape Europeanisation processes (Wunderlich, 2009 22). Development of the ArgumentEuropeanisation has transformed the political geographies of m any(prenominal) territorial States and has had a positive impact upon the conflicts that occur between Member and Non-Member States, through integration and close association (Featherstone and Radaelli, 2003). Nevertheless, as Ger umteen and Poland have failed to integrate fully, overmuch confliction still follows between the two territories (Kratke, 2007 1). The German side of the border is detrimentally affected, whilst the Polish side of the border has improved economically (Nelles and Walther, 2011 6). One of the main objectives of Europeanisation was to ensure that States became fully integrated, in time many barriers still cost. This has be en described as an unnatural and dysfunctional unit (Ohmae, 1995 42), though it is unreadable whether such borders will ever be fully uncloudeded up (Mingus, 2006 577). If the EU is to become fully integrated, this will be a necessary requisite although it is likely that many States will be reluctant to become borderless for fear that sovereignty will be undermined.In addition, borders are now creation used in order to resolve many underlying issues that approach within the EU, such as immigration, wickedness and environmental problems. As a result, borders are being recognised as having significant importance and although it is important that the EU becomes fully integrated, it is also necessary for effective controls to exist (Gabbe, 2010). Cross-border co-operation will be capable of allowing for the discovery and furtherance of unwashed interests and the acknowledgement of differences (ODowd, 2010 32). Arguably, it is clear that divides outride to exist within the EU and i t is questionable whether these can be outdo given the cultural and political differences that exist within territorial States. Provided that State co-operate with each other, effective Europeanisation will be ascertained cross-border co-operation helps lessen the disadvantages of the border, suppress the periphery status of the border regions and improve the living standards of people in the area (Gronau, 2011 3). Therefore, if territorial States, such as Poland and Germany, co-operate with each other and compress the changes that are being created by Europeanisation, the problems that currently exist will be overcome.Cross-border boundaries produce many difficulties for the attainment of a fully integrated EU, yet it has been suggested that boundaries are actually fading away in the post-modern, globalized innovation (Passi, 2010 678). Therefore, although Transnationalism and Europeanisation are transforming the political geographies of territorial States and establishing an i ntegrated EU, territoriality still exists. It remains to be seen whether this will ever be any different given that boundaries are a symbol of sovereignty. Furthermore, because Europeanisation still has an impact upon Member and Non-Member States alike, it is questionable whether a borderless world is in fact needed since the structures of the EU are still being adopted regardless (Gabbe, 2010 3). Consequently, it appears in view of this that closed borders are earlier required to tackle immigration, crime and environmental problems and that as a result of Europeanisation, territorial States are adopting the structures of the EU regardless as to whether the borders are open or closed. Therefore, whilst a fully integrated EU would be advantageous, it cannot be said whether the drive for this exists as a real entity or a mere political entity.Transnationalism and Europeanisation have evidently transformed the management of borders both inside and outside the EU by striving for integr ation and co-operation. However, many believe that the fortress Europe notion still exists (Willem, 2006 13). Since the Schengen Agreement was entered into in 1995, however, the EU has become even more integrated. This has been considered one of the greatest achievements of the EU (European Commission, 2013 1). The Schengen Agreement provided the EU with an area that exists without internal borders, which provides individuals with the ability to circulate freely without being subjected to border checks. Whilst this makes it easier for citizens within the internal borders, tighter controls are placed upon the external borders to ensure the protection of those within the Schengen area (Alscher, 2005 126). This effectively creates a Fortress Europe on the external borders whilst creating a free Europe on the internal ones. Whilst Europeanisation transforms the political geographies of nation States, it is internalised differently and depends entirely upon the territorial States willin gness to change.Therefore, whilst Europeanisation does strongly influence integration, it has been pointed out that the process is uneven at both the domestic and regional level (Anastasakis, 2005 77). This is because at the regional level differentiation and sort continues to persist amongst countries and at the domestic level there is a ceaseless battle between reform and reaction. Europeanisation is simply a process that territorial States are to adopt in order to achieve economic integration and create a set of ideals that are being conformed to by all EU Member States. Yet, the workability of this will depend entirely upon the willingness of territorial States. Co-operation amongst States should therefore be encouraged in order to overcome any problems that arise with regards to cross-border relations and to provide adequate protection to citizens. It is unlikely that this will be achieved with ease given the lack of co-operation that currently exists in territories such as Germany and Poland, yet provided that nation States have a common set of goals, any sensitivity that exists will be dealt with accordingly. Conclusion Overall, Transnationalism and Europeanisation transforms the political geographies of nation-States by establishing common goals and desires that are to be adopted by all States within the EU. Whilst Europeanisation generally seeks to achieve an integrated Europe, territorial States are still being defined by borders. However, in spite of this Transnationalism and Europeanisation still impacts the political geographies of nation States by distinguishing between State sovereignty and European integration. Borders of geographical territories are said to be removed by Europeanisation, yet many borders still exist in order to maintain control and securitization. Europeanisation has, nevertheless, transformed the political geographies of many territorial States by positively impacting the conflicts that transpire between Member and Non-Mem ber States. This is achieved through integration and close association, yet not all States have successfully integrated. This is due to the reluctance of States to abrogate sovereignty. As a result, divides continue to exist within the EU, despite the attempts that have been made to the adoption of Europeanisation. Hence, it is questionable whether these divides can be rectified given the cultural and political differences that exist within territorial States. The attainment of a fully integrated EU seems to be affected as a result of this, yet the same structures of Europeanisation are still being incorporated regardless of the fact that cross-border boundaries are still being maintained by some States. Thus, because Europeanisation still impacts upon Member and Non-Member States, it is unclear whether a borderless world is needed given that borders help to tackle immigration, crime and environmental problems. Still, it is manifest that Transnationalism and Europeanisation does tra nsform the political geographies of nation-States as a whole. References Alscher, S. (2005) belt at the doors of Fortress Europe Migration and Border Control in Confederate Spain and Eastern Poland, The Centre for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, Working Paper 126.Anastasakis, O. (2005) The Europeanisation of the Balkans brown Journal of World Affairs, Volume 12, Issue 1.Cowles, M. G., Caporaso J. A. & Risse Th. (eds.) 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