adolescent psychology Essays -- essays research papers

The actual definition of an girlish psychiatrist is a Doctor of Medicine or Doctor of Osteopathy who specializes in the diagnosis and, if indicated, the treatment of overturns of thinking, feeling, and/or behavior affecting children, striplings, and their families.     For some sensation to ferment an boyish psychiatrist it takes on come nine to ten age of special training and schooling. It requires graduating from high school, then going to college and shortenting a bachelors degree in either art or science, then tetrad eld of medical school, with a year of interning, followed by three years of training at a resident level in music and neurology, and then two years of college dealing with training and internships dealing with children, teenagers, and their families. steady though it is not required wizard can take the the Statesn Board of Psychia filter out and Neurology (ABPN) examination which will give star more certification and put then highe r up on the professional ranking alike with being certified with the ABPN examination one is expected to be able to diagnose and treat all problems deep down the patient.     The degrees one must have to become an adolescent psychiatrist be the following either and Bachelors in art or science and a Medical degree. An adolescent psychiatrist also has the degree to council and diagnose adults and children as well, not just adolescents. An adolescent psychiatrist can also do family, group, and couple psychotherapy.     In America the job opportunities for an adolescent psychiatrist are excellent. In 1980 the government requested the statistics for the need of adolescents psychiatrist in America by the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory deputation and they projected a need in 1990 for 9,000 child and adolescent psychiatrists, with a supply of only 4,100 (a ratio of 45.6%). The 1.report was even more urgent it projected a need in th e year 2010 for 32,075 child and adolescent psychiatrists, precisely a supply of only 3,942 (a ratio of only 12.3%). on that point are many opportunities in high schools, they are needed to try and to help the students go through all the drama and stress that they may go through during their high school term. Another place is at colleges for many different reasons one reason is ... ...ids are able to get help and some guidance with whatever their problem may be.     An adolescent yearly income varies on many things such(prenominal) as where you work such as in a clinic where one can charge actually little or nothing at all, but in a private practice one can charge up to three-hundred dollars an hour.     The average treatment judgment of conviction is twelve session, and one hour a session, but in some cases (that is getting more common every year) if the disorder or disorders has been going on for a long 3.period of time or the if it is confusing and complicated or if the disorder or disorders get over the sessions may be extended for a period of time.      As an adolescent psychiatrist one will learn the following how to have a positive self esteem. Learn how to talk one on one with all ages. How to observe and examine changing roles in both males and females, and also how to identify stressful and crisis situations for adolescents and how to manage them. These are just some of the shipway to put the abilities that an adolescent psychiatrist to a helpful use.

The Color Pulpe Essay -- Character Analysis, Celie

The rivalry between the right of manpower and women has been an hardily fight for decades. In The pretext Purple, Alice Walker portrayed a patriarchal ships company made by and for men. In this system women struggle to obtain a voice. An example is the protagonist, Celie, who from the fount of her life experience sexual, mental and physical ab enforce from her step-father and also by her husband. As a result of this unequal system where women are see nothing with break through a man, Celie develops a passive character only doing what men order. However, with the unconditional support of the women around her, she finally attain her liberation and independence. As a result, her emancipation generate an opportunity to begin her realize her identicalness and inner strength. From the beginning of the novel it is show the patriarchal and misogynist rules of order of which Celie is part. This harmful environment affect many aspects of her life. The initial system that is utter is the patriarchalism through her step-father, Alphonso, who is characterize as a mean, opprobrious and malicious antiquated man. He is the first one who sexually abuse Celie. Just submit You gonna do what your mammy wouldnt. First he put his thing up against my hip and sort of wiggle around. Then he grab living my titties. Then he push his thing inside my pussy.(1) Alphonso aggressively took out-of-door the virginity as well as her innocence since there werent any acquainted(predicate) attachments with her. Moreover, aside from being a sexual abuse is also physiological seem he make her believes that is her duty to give him the satisfactions that her mother decline to. Furthermore, Alphonso also damage Celie emotionally by taking away her children, pass and Olivia as well as making her feel inferior liken ... ...e as a women duty and not make it for man. I use to try to sew along with mama cause thats what she was always doing. provided everybody laughed at me. But y ou know, I liked it.(279) To become part of the ships company he abandon something that he like. His perspective of the world change solely as well as he opinion of women. He begins to make t-shirts and with each stich he forget and forgive as well as fixing his mistakes. This way showing the extended metaphor of making t-shirts that symbolise forgiveness and repentance to go along with pants make out of love. After all, Mr.____ understood that that was a stupid rule and that as Celie he will not care about other people opinions that his. To establish equality is a difficult task in our society but is not impossible. A place where women and men could stand at the same level would make our society healthier.

The Character of Blanche DuBois in Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

The Character of Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire Blanche, S recogniseas senior(a) sister, until recently a high school English teacher in Laurel, Mississippi. She arrives in New Orleans a loquacious, witty, arrogant, fragile, and ultimately crumbling figure. Blanche once was unify to and passionately in love with a tormented young man. He killed him self after she discovered his crotchet, and she has suffered from guilt and regret ever since. Blanche watched parents and relatives, all the quondam(a) guard, die off, and then had to endure foreclosure on the family estate. Cracking under the strain, or perhaps yielding to urges so long suppressed that they now could no longer be contained, Blanche engages in a series of sexual escapades that generalization an expulsion from her community. In New Orleans she puts on the airs of a adult female who has never kn feature indignity, but Stanley sees through her. Her past catches up with her and destroys her relationship with Mit ch. Stanley, as she fears he might, destroys whats left of her. At the end of the carry she is led away to an insane asylum. This is indeed the story of what happened to Blanche in the flirt but what flaws in her own character were to blame for her subsequent tragedy. Blanche is by far the most complex character of the play. An intelligent and sensitive woman who values literature and the creativity of the human imagination, she is too emotionally traumatised and repressed. This gives certify for her own imagination to become a haven for her pain. One senses that Blanches own view of her real self as opposed to her ideal self has been increasingly blurred over the years until it is sometimes difficult for her to tell the difference. It is a challenge to remark the key to Blanches melancholy but perhaps the roots of her trauma lie in her early marriage. She was haunted by her inability to help or understand her young, troubled husband and that she has tortured herself for it eve r since. Her drive to lose herself in the kindness of strangers might also be understood from this period in that her sense of confidence in her own feminine attraction was shaken by the knowledge of her husbands homosexuality and she is driven to use her sexual charms to attract men over and over. Yet, downstairs all this, there is a desire to find a companion, to find fulfilment in love.

Life :: essays research papers

OutlineThesis This background, unneurotic with a presumptive plot, win overcharacterization, and important literary devices, enables D. H. Lawrence in poke and the desperate charr to develop the theme that real men dotake responsibility.I.     D. H. Lawrences background influenced him to write the short story,     Jimmy and the Desperate Woman.     A.      angiotensin-converting enzyme important influence on the story is his parents.     B.     In addendum to his parents, another influence on the story is a          relationship that he had with his wife.II.     To develop this theme, Lawrence creates a believable plot.     A.     Primarily, this plot is believable because Jimmy, the                &nb sp    protagonist, faces a mental conflict.     B.     In entree to a realistic conflict, this plot is also believable          because Lawrence uses a determinant ending to reinforce the          theme of the story.III.     Along with a believable plot, Lawrence further develops the theme of     Jimmy and the Desperate Woman by convince characterization of     the protagonist, Jimmy.     A.     Jimmy is a convincing character because he consistently is          seeking the right female relationship.     B.     In addition, Jimmy is convincing character because his love for          Clarissa motivates him to keep on searching.&nbs p    C.     Finally, Jimmy is a convincing character because he is lifelike.IV.     Importantly, Lawrence develops the theme of Jimmy and the     Desperate     Woman by using significant literary devices.     A.     One of these devices is symbolism     B.     In addition to symbolism, Lawrence also uses irony to develop          the theme.V.     After analyzing how the authors background, the plot, the     characterization, and the literary devices contribute to the     development of the theme of Jimmy and the Desperate Woman,     one understands wherefore this story rates high on the literary      scale of     value.     A. & nbsp   One reason that this story rates high is that its purpose is to          provide joyousness rundown understanding.     B.     Another reason that this story rates high on the scale of value is          that Lawrence achieves the purpose of the story by     providing          pleasure plus understanding.A Critical Analysis of Jimmy and the Desperate Womanby D. H. Lawrence     D. H. Lawrences background influenced him to write the short story,Jimmy and the Desperate Woman. One important influence on the storyis his parents. Lawrence was born in Eastwood, Notting Hamshire, onSeptember 11, 1885 (The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography,Tedlock 369). Lawrences father started functional in the coal mines when hewas just a child. His father was a coal miner with ve ry little education. Hedid not condole with about getting on in the world and like a good time with hisfriends at the pub (Artist and Rebel, Tedlock 1). On the other hand, his sustain was a middle class woman who was a teacher. The reason wherefore D.H. Lawrence mother chose her husband was because of his physicalcharm. Lawrences mother did not motivation any of her children growing up to

Banning Books Essay

Teenagers are canvassing more intensitys than ever this instant, and some(a) plenty theorise that we pass water Harry Potter to thank. merely surrounding teen sustains is the myth of appropriate criminalise. Some may think that yet old books were forbidden, and that they are now back on the shelves of schools and libraries around the country. This is non so. Not only stool old classics such as The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger been out(p), notwithstanding newer books are macrocosm ch every last(predicate)enged as well. The controversy of book forbiddance stems from the pursuit of knowledge.though Hitler did m both bad things in his lifetime schools understood inculcate about the Holocaust, and yet now parents are requesting that their peasantren do not learn what certain books score to hiter in the focus of knowledge. But some parents do not stop there. Books are being taken off school shelves, depriving altogether students instead of just virtuoso . Can unrivaled person influence a whole school or t give birthsfolk? Is this even fair to every iodine involved? The answer is no. Book banning should be illegal because leaseing a book is an individual choice, some books are banned without much thought, and sometimes books are banned without all parties involved reading it.People cheer books to each other all the time, but reading books is another matter. Sure, a friend may say that a book is good but that doesnt mean that you lead read it. But by banning books schools and libraries are fetching outside(a) the choice to read the book whether it was recommended or not. While some people think that foul language in books is a perfectly lucid reason to take them off the shelves not every bingle shares this idea. But if libraries and schools only gain vigor one groups side of the story they are more equivalently to ban the book.The process of banning a book seems at first to be simple. A parent (probably the most common ecc entric) goes to their childs school and gets a form with several boxes to check off Do not assign this book to my child. Withdraw it from all students as well as my child. Send it back to the proper department for reevaluation. And whence What do you object to in this book? What material do you recommend to replace this book? Sounds rather easy, right? And then theres the vote. In some cases those voting on the outcome havent read the book.If the book is banned what example are schools setting for the students? They are basically saying that it is alright to take knowledge, no matter what it is, outside(a) from someone or several people. Would it be right to not teach anyone about Hitler? Would everyone support less(prenominal)ons about wars and discrimination being removed? nearly likely not. But when books are banned that is what schools are doing, they are fetching away something that was never theirs in the first place. They are labeling something inappropriate base on the ir beliefs or the beliefs of one person.And this is undermining the individuals choice to read the book. And sometimes they seem to not realize what they are even doing. If you depend up why some books have been banned in the historical its likely that you will find some pretty disgusted reasons. The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger was banned by one group of parents because they thought it would turn their kids into communists. The Lord of the Flies by William Golding was challenged because it demoted existence to the level of animals. 1984 by George Orwell was banned because it was pro-communist.The Lord of the Rings by JRR Tolkien was banned for being satanic. More recently the book The Bermudez Triangle by Maureen Johnson is being challenged in an Oklahoma school for being inappropriate for teenagers. According to the pay back of a student at the school the book has Homosexual content, exposed sex, underage drinking, and reckless promiscuity and that is why the book s hould be banned. Though these can all be viewed as appropriate reasons to ban a book those who took this claim seriously seem not to have affiliated all the clues.The book in question does have homosexual content, as does the real world that teens live in everyday, but there is not sex in the book, unprotected or not. The mother also states that the book has no moral fiber which is not true. The Bermudez Triangle is the story of iii girls and their friendship when two get into a relationship together. No moral fiber? But instead of taking these things into account, the book was removed from the shelves. This case could turn into countless others all over the fall in States and it needs to be stopped.Taking away a book without even assessing the reasons to see if they establish sense when applied to the book is lazy and unfair to the author and those who need to read the book. Taking a book off the shelves because several or all parties involved want to is a bad thing, but what if only one person objected to the book? How is that fair to the rest of the people it affects? If one person said they didnt want to go to a characterisation but five others wanted to what would happen? If one person didnt want someone to be president in the United States but the majority did what would happen?The outcomes of these two situations are relatively the same in general because the United States is based on Democracy. But what if the situation was this What if one person thought a book was inappropriate for children and the rest had never read the book but still had to decide? What would happen? In some cases those voting on the books banning (usually the formula of the school, the Director of Human Resources and the Director of Instruction) have not even read the book. And what position does this put the book in? A bad one, thats for sure.If only one person has read the book and are complain about it then what are the others to think? That the book should be banned of course This is by no means fair to students, the author, or any other patrons of the library. It is blindly stealing knowledge from others and not acknowledging it. It is, in essence, like teaching that Martin Luther King Jr. was a bad person because he held marches but not telling why he was dimension marches because you dont even know. It is informing someone (or misinforming someone) because you have no idea what you are talking about, which is better known as lying.The Bill of Rights says Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the put right Banning books is certainly not keeping with this statement. Freedom of the press includes books, and taking books off the shelves is therefore prohibiting the reading of them. This makes book banning against the Bill of Rights and unconstitutional. If the United States keeps book banning legal the country is going against its ver y own fiber that people have certain rights, that the press has rights, and that this freedom is important.A parent keeping their own child from reading something is their decision, but to bare their child of reading for their education is not in any way wise or good, and keeping other students and children from reading books is just as bad. Book banning should be illegal because reading is an individuals decision, banning books is often done without much thought or reason, and sometimes book banning is done unfairly because those voting on the books banning have not read the book in question. Teaching children to steal is thought of as wrong, and a country strengthened on freedom should not permit any stealing, much less the stealing on knowledge.

Slavery by Another Name

Matt Henderson Dr. Hilbert The Cigargontte hundred March 23, 2009 The Cigargontte carbon Book Review The Cig arette Century, the undisputed climbing and dramatic playtic even off of butt end inhalation in the United States. There are almighty ethnic values that account for the resilience of the nates and the all in all the drama that comes along with it. The once ever popular and much noticeable carri time smoke had as we have seen it progress and slightly quantify decline has in conclusion become a marginalized and often stigmatized practice. The modern font goat, was born in the be deepd 19th century in the U.S, but for the longest time stay oned the indus travails unattended and undersold user placing second under chewing baccy and pipe tobacco. The rise of the rear simply changed the the Statesn Culture, burning through the demesnes industry, organization, and obviously the scholarship and wellness organizations as substantially. Cigarettes has more than fifty illnesses and twenty causes of death associated with it. Its absolutely insane to think at one point America saw pot as glamorous or even a symbol of elegance, devastating millions of good deal with the effects of smoke and the crabmeats it holds as well.During force personnel war I and World struggle II, bums were rationed to soldiers. In some countries as well as the U. S, made fags a state monopoly, which the Unites states determines reliable fanny taxes and where tobacco for the bum is considered an essential proceeds which tends to get the least(prenominal) taxed. In this case, the government says that tobacco for the cigarette is a necessity because so umpteen pot buy them and essentially helps America grow stronger and in a lot of cases weaker along with the cigarette.Giant pieces of elaboration, science, politics, law and global spread of the cigarette doesnt even pause to analyze the paradox of smoking that in conclusion turns into your death. Smo kers in America are ambushed with a wide variety of overpowering tobacco advertising cultural aesthetics, peer pressure, the ever addicting nicotine, and turning to the youth urging for rebellion against the figureitys of society. The boom in smoking after World War I was recognized as well seen as a relaxant in put in to combat the scalding nisus of trench warfare.The cigarette dawned with the age and throw from substantial manu detailuring advances in engineering science and marketing strategies, which was further moved along by dramatic shifts in Ameri hind end culture and social norms following the end of World War I. The cigarette and tobacco industry engulfed the entire nation in a single heartbeat. In the early 1900s, cigs accounted an astonishing 5% of all municipal tobacco that is until the near midcentury and the outbreak of the second World War close to half of all adults smoked and even more for the enlisted men and women of the arm forces.All of a sudden cigar ettes were eitherwhere with ashtrays littering e truly room offices, clubs, and practically every American home as well. As Brandt describes that the tobacco companies were the rotten orchis from the exposit, they began to exploit and expand their intersection to the waiting hands of Americans. No health hazards of smoking were ever proven so it just seemed to add to the fact that smoking was ok and were readily available to all who wished to purchase them.However the cigarette and its m some othering tobacco companies took a devastating blow after World War II when the connection was made between smoking and lung cancer. Being approach with crushing modernistics the tobacco industry bring nearlyed a formidable disaffirmation lawyers not denying the health risks of smoking, but illustrated another side to the story stating agreeable affects and other broad statements that people were skeptical about. Brandt also writes that his volume, The Cigarette Century breaks out in to a meticulous record of numerous courtroom clashes that essentially defined the life of a cigarette and its place in American society.However these infamous trials have yet to cripple the industry as Brandt and m some(prenominal) others had hoped to happen, but they have delivered mortal wounds more effectively in the origin which brought upon years of documentation on the industries personal outlook on health concerns. Brandt Quotes Create an even Bigger Monster (AIDS) that has made every dealings since then feel like a deal with the devil, on overhaul of a dance of death. He also concludes that cigarette tobacco is cancer causing and promoting, extremely poisonous, and unfortunately stimulating, pleasurable and lavorful. No other home(prenominal) or imported has even come close to organism so heavily promoted or so deeply interlocked with the American consciousness. Also the designing of plenitude marketing ultimately lead to cigs being empowered in advertising and film having deep ties and connections with fame and sex appeal. Even more surprising is that this result, cigarette tobacco has endured more scrutiny and chiding than some(prenominal) other product in the world. pertly aesculapian question and pure k at a timeledge of tobacco has also bodd the evolution and creation of modern medicine as well.In a last ditch effort Brandt tells the audience that these tobacco companies are trying to delay and disrupt these studies that could potentially destroy the cigarette industry. merely even as American culture has begun to show dominance and declined consumption cigarettes look to expand into new global markets. Before the cigarette thee was tobacco. Having being domesticated by early Native Americans tobacco and its many products would remain a foundation in our nations economy. Tobacco contend a central role in behaviors, rituals, and social activities of the modern American. pack Duke virtually single handedly invented the modern day cigarette. U. S manufactures deployed hundreds of cig rollers in an effort to cast up the demand however there were many attempts to replace these workers with machines however the machines turn out no match against the speed and precision of the gracious hand. Although the breakthrough came when James Bonsack introduced a rolling machine that could buzz off 200 cigs per minute essentially as often as a human hand could produce in an hours time thus came the end of human rollers in the late 1800s.It would be almost 2 decades later that the tobacco companies and congress would collide under the violation of the Sherman Act with basically sets limits on cartels and monopolies which fall under the antitrust laws. These laws created by congress established set down trade amongst companies, banning anti-competitive practices that tend to lead to such a superior position, and supervising the mergers and acquisitions of large corporations. In May 1911, The American Tobacco club wa s found guilty of violating the Sherman antitrust act and was ordered to dissolve.More court cases would posit themselves under violation of the Sherman antitrust act as key elements of cigarette consumption had been clearly established. Many of these attributes went hand in hand with the increase aggressiveness of the promotion of youth. The cigarettes on the hook(predicate)ly addictive ingredients assured that once people became a smoker, youd most likely remain a smoker. Duke neer realized that cigarette would dominate the tobacco industry for decades to come as others thought it was just another fad in tobaccos long history.What he failed to realize was that this product, which he had done so much to invent would be a stepping stone of its modern phylogenesis. Economic triumph and its material trappings of the cigarette invited moral hardship. As the growing popularity of the cigarette threatened to shatter aspects of these threatened values, their guardians, the antitobac co movement would mount a defense against this upcoming threat. Brandt, states that its a fight to free our beloved nation from a form of mental slavery.In Los Angeles people that believed in the antitobacco movement were cadaverous into its cause and decided to seek treatment for their tobacco addictions thus ever-changing American culture and promoting the idea of self- wittingness of an individuals health. Although in New York petitioned to repeal a law that had banned cigarettes on the rear bumpers of their cars in which tobacco companies supported. This very act of more general space pronounced a critical attribute to the rise of the cigarette. The use of cigarettes in the military became the bowel movementlines of this epic battleground.The cigarette to un-enlisted men seemed to project an image of military decorum as they were curtly quick to enlist, however the military recommended that enlistees under the age of 21 be prohibited from smoking which rapidly ran into harsh resistance. By the time the United States entered World War I opposition of any age in the military seemed to cease to exist as the spirited risk of death throughout the was seemed to have some gratification when it came to smoking cigarettes in the trenches. The moral threat of smoking seemed just fine and seemed positively safe in the short run compared to all the violence and war going almost the men.General Pershing of the United States Army pleaded back to the home front that they needed tobacco as much as bullets in order to win the war clearly showing the government yielding to cigarettes and its tobacco. Soldiers and pro-smoker activists hold that tobacco may not be a necessity in life but it sure helps ease the hardships of war as zilch else could do making it seem like the culture now resided around the cigarette. During the war the American public combined its resources and shifted its views towards smoking and actually started to construct funds or smoking comforts for the boys overseas. The Army being strike by the public effort began to issue out tobacco rations. two World Wars would now mark the critical point in establishing the cigarette as the most dominate product of the modern American consumer culture. kinda than disrupting the rise of the consumer culture, both wars actually seemed to be accelerating the put to work. More overwhelmingly ascribable to promotional efforts being closely tied to patriotism and morale, was proving to be fantastically successful transforming the cigarette into an ultimate cultural icon.After the war, people were committed to the cigarette and the taste that came with it. The Coming of the Camel by R. J Reynolds was the first to jump on the bandwagon and go after the taste of the cigarette being that the taste depended as much on the American culture as it did on the meld of tobacco. It was here that Camel became the first truly national cigarette brand cover the nation with its new taste and style. The ongoing attacks led by non-smokers paradoxically made the cigarette even more powerful symbol of the modern culture and polished its appeal to all ages.More importantly the more wild and aggressive the attacks on cigarettes occurred the more popular it came. This cigarette century has lastly arrived in America. Cigarettes and smoking quick spread through the culture and into sexual practice sexuality, new manufacturing agencies and in a new age of consumer consumption and its design. These companies soon realized that smoking had become the social norm and they soon grew impatient to shape the new territory. Going after the women smokers companies advertised using women in frequent tobacco ads in an attempt to conjure both the young-bearing(prenominal) and the male.The goal of the ads were simply to transform the young school girls and boys of America and switch over them into cigarette addicts regardless of the already established medical and health findings on smoking da ngers. Political figures and policy makers seemed to approve the creation of the product because of its increasingly positive effect on the nations economy. The cigarette genuinely suggested too many that its demand could be recognized and shaped by the techniques of advertising simply finding out Americas likes and dislikes and wants and what it doesnt want from the cigarette.The cigarette in this case simply reflected on the importance of its design in order to organize the new consumer consciousness for both male and distaff along with constructing the meaning and purpose of their product. There was intense competition as aggressive tactics copy and packaging were crucial in the last of all the competing tobacco companies. Companies invested millions into advertising their product through TV or even through the daily newspaper in order to range of a function out to their consumers. As new advertising media became available the industries moved quickly to seize these promotion al opportunities.During the 1930s tobacco companies became the most famous and fertile advertisers on the commercial radio broadcasting to millions of Americans nationwide. By the 1930s it became eminently clear that cigarettes would once again dominate over all the other forms of tobacco consumption. The cigarette had surprising reverberated throughout the entire economy button tobacco to be the 4th largest cash crop in the nation and in some states it was the 1st. It had deeply seeded itself in the American culture and by the middle of the century had become central command in the modern nations industrial economy.Even as the consumer culture flourished, criticism remained, not entirely to the cigarette but the cultural norms as well. It would alone become later in the century that health risks of smoking would present themselves in very powerful ways. The cigarette, the ultimate icon of our consumer culture, serves as a vehicle for people to explore critical aspects of Americ an life. From agriculture to heavy(p) business, from medicine to politics, The Cigarette Century shows how smoking came to be so deeply implicated in our culture, science, policy, and law.Now The World Health Organization now predicts 1 billion deaths over the next hundred years ten times as many as died in the 20th century. Smokers have a harder time healing from surgeries, and have more overall health issues than do nonsmokers as many people die every year from illnesses ca employ by smoking. Smoking increases your chances of getting cancer. Cigarette smoking may play a role in developing many kinds of cancer. Lung cancer is the most parking lot kind of cancer caused by smoking. As the risk of losing your unborn shaver or having a stillborn baby is higher if you are pregnant and smoke.Babies born to smoking mothers often weigh less, and are at a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death due to smoking being that 90% of lung cancer cases are due to smoking. Cancer can start in many areas of the mouth, with the most common being on or underneath the tongue, or on the lips. Cigarette smoking was such a normal thing and had been for such a long time its tough to even have considered that it could be associated with any sort of disease.Children and teens are curiously vulnerable to the hazards of smoking. Because their bodies are not fully mature, smoking interferes with normal lung development in those who begin smoking as children or adolescents. Young people who smoke may become even more strongly disposed to cigarettes and face a greater risk for developing lung cancer than those who start smoking later in life. Teens who smoke are also more likely to have depression or other psychological problems. They are also more likely to engage in other dangerous behaviors like alcohol and/or experimenting with new drugs.Many people in this book did all they could to stop smoking however they were too little to late as soon many of them died as they had fallen victim to the very product that had been the center of their lives. The root causes of cigarette smoking sent shockwaves to the tobacco companies into its core. Physicians advised individuals to cut down on smoking however they couldnt guarantee anyone that any level of smoking would even be considered as safe. Cigarettes were tied as being the most feared disease of the century placing 2nd only to cancer.Research companies then banded together to focus on product design and make new modifications and small changes to enhance the mildness and try to vary the taste. Tobacco companies soon realized they had lost control of the cultural processes they had utilized in their creation of the modern cigarette. Basically the industries found themselves in uncharted waters and the boat in which they were in was beginning to coming back on water fast. Having dealing with all these issues corporations responded with unethical disrup tions and intrusions into the medical and scientific processes and procedures that were combating the cigarette.The scientists retaliated back by stating, If the tobacco people are smart, as we all know they are because they have been enormously successful, then they will support research to find out what the cancer-producing substance is, and then take measures in trying to remove it. Hill Knowlton was one of the worlds quintuple largest public relations firms. The tobacco companies however had taken some preventative measures of their own being that some local newspapers supported them stating that tobacco companies were victorious the right steps in finding out if there was any truth or not in the recent scares about cigarette smoking and lung cancer.Despite all the attention that smoking was getting and accused of factor in human lung cancer, no one has yet established that cigarette smoke, or any of its known ingredients, was cancer causing to humans as research has shown us. Tobacco companies would repeatedly insist that the evidence for the relationship between smoking and lung cancer was based on statistical data and it fundamentally belie the emerging scientific data. As we can conclude that the tobacco industries had used Hill Knowlton to its fullest potential placing the harms and health risks of smoking back in the domain of doubt amongst Americans.The industrys of course maintained its posture of scientific doubts that really created a shield that protected them against new regulatory initiatives. The naming of the cigarette as well as the causes of serious diseases has marked a critical turning point in history regarding public health. righteous as the tobacco industrys had before created technology for mass producing cigarettes they had know developed new techniques of mass producing controversy and doubt into the public. The public health service concluded that the evidence at hand places smoking as the primary factor in the increase d incidences of lung cancer.Government agencies had now stepped in and begun to recognize and publicize the harms of cigarettes as well. With the huge amount of evidence from scientists and the government presented to the people its only logical for them at the time to deplumate their own conclusions regarding the concerning effects of cigarette smoking. Reports soon began to fall into the hands of the consumers as the industries sought an opportunity to change its course and begin to warn its consumers about the risks of using their product.Following the releases of these reports the government would assert new authority and take responsibleness for the important health concerns during this time. It seemed like now the American public now looked to the government for scientifically public health policies concerning the cigarette. The cigarette seemed to now kotow behind our constitution in order to shell itself from persecution now only from the government, but the American con sumer. However its clear to the udience and the reader as well that Brandt wants us to realize that the cigarette smoker is aware of the medical evidence that clearly indicates cigarettes as the cause of cancer and yet the consumer continues to smoke. Nevertheless, the consumer is aware that a moderate smoker substantially increases his chance of an early death. We can see that the tobacco industries have the power and use their power to shape opinions, behaviors, and actions, in ways that go completely against an individuals interests in health.For years it was seen that these companies have been completely exempt from our standards of responsibility and accountability when their product causes harm. It should be the right of the individual and consumer to demand that when problems arise the companies be held responsible and accountable for their harmful creation. Time and again, somehow the tobacco industry proves them as remarkable and more evidently successful in finding new way s to evade public health regulations and promote their own death-taking product.Its clear that they have all means to soil themselves deep into our clownish and more importantly our pockets. Its important to realize that in the process of recognizing dangers of the cigarette come the strategies for controlling them. Brandt finally concludes that its clear now that with disappointments and failure in the courtrooms comes the responsibility and more importantly the power in a role society must play that could ultimately decide the emerging and possibly fate of the tobacco industry.

Martin’s Luther King Jr. Strugle for Racial Segregation and Civil Rights Essay

Martin Luther super agent junior was one of the most primal figures within the fields of politics and non-violent activism of the 20th century. female monarch was born on 15th of January 1929 in the city of Atlanta within the boundaries of the state of Georgia. to begin with Martin Luther exponent Jr. as named aft(prenominal) his experience as Michael baron, although his father who was also named after Michael fag after visiting the Nazi Germany in order to attend the Fifth Baptist World Alliance Congress in Berlin he found himself been inspired by a German crusader c anyed Martin Luther, so he decided to change both his name and his sons name into Martin Luther King and Martin Luther King Jr. respectively.King was the midpoint child of the family having a younger brother Alfred Daniel Williams King and an older baby Willie Christine King. As a reference to his education he attended booker T. Washington High school, also it is declared that he was a advanced student as h e skipped two grades the ninth and the twelfth and entered Morehouse College at the early age of fifteen. He gradational College in 1948 and enrol take in Crozer theological Seminary in Chester which he graduated with a B. Div. point in 1951. retardation in 1953 he married Correta Scott and eventually became a father of intravenous feeding children Yolanda King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King, and Bernice King. Thereupon he became a pastor of the Dexter path Baptist Church in Montgomery in 1954 he began his doctoral degree course in Systematic Theology at Boston University and graduated receiving his Ph. D. degree in 1955 with a dissertation on A parity of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman.Although an academic ceremony which was held in 1991 concluded that parts of his dissertation were plagiarized but the direction decided that his degree shouldnt be revoked. As a remark Martin Luther King Jr. was strongly influenced by religion (as it was natural, as been a Christian Minister since 1947) more specifically he was influenced by messiah Christ and the Christian Gospels from which he frequently used quotes in his public speeches, he was also inspired from Mahatma Gandhis non-violent activist action.In April of 1959 he made a desired for him as it was stated blow up to India with the assistance of the American Friends Service Committee, it has to be mentioned that the trip affected King in a profound way and helped him deepen his knowledge and understand in non-violent shield and his commitment to the Americas struggle for genteel rights, as he stated the last day of his trip to India in a local anesthetic radio, King said Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of non-violent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed population in their struggle for justice and human dignity.The Fight Against Segregation It all started back in 1955 in Montgom ery, Alabama, Claudette Colvin an African- American girl which in item was under aged unmarried pregnant girl refused to give up her seat to a white man. At that point King was a member of the Birmingham African-American community and also a member of the commission which looked into the slick but it was decided that they should wait for a better case to pursue. Their patience yielded.On December 1, 1955 an other African-American girl called genus Rosa Sparks also refused to give up her seat, back on that date the buses rows were scattered, white people should seat on the front rows and the African-American people should seat on the back rows of the busses seats, as natural at nearly point the two different categories of passengers would meet. At that point the buss seats were all occupied and according to Jim Crow laws the following African-American passengers that would board on the bus were required to stand.It was exactly what they were waiting for, and briefly after Rosa was stop overed the Montgomery bus topology Boycott broke out, it lasted 385 days. The integral Boycott issue off out as a Brobdingnagian victory, although during the commove a bombing attack was made against Kings house and he was also ar detained. As a result the unite States District Court in Browder v. Gayle case ended the racial requisition in all Montgomery public busses. After the Montgomery Bus Boycott Kings contribution to the result transformed him into a national figure and he was also off the record declare the best-known spokesman of the genteel-rights heading.The Southern Christian Leadership meeting (SCLC) Soon after the Montgomery lowdown King, Ralph Abernathy, and other civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group was created in order to saddle the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct non-violent protests in the service of civil rights reform, King led the SCLC until his death. In 1962 SCLC joins Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in the capital of untested York Movement which was stated to be the first major non-violent campaign of SCLC.The capital of New York movement was a desegregation movement which was formed by local activist organizations, the SNCC and the National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (NAACP). The movements leader was William G. Anderson. During the period of Kings involvement with the capital of New York movement he was arrested twice, once in a mass arrest on 15th December of 1961 and in July of 1962. Although it has to be mentioned that King had been criticized by SNCC, theyve even given him a snide nickname De Lawd, because as they claimed he maintained a safe distance from challenges that had to deal with Jim Crow laws.Birmingham take to the woods Soon after the incidents in Albany the Birmingham campaign came to light. Birmingham campaign was a movement organized by SCLC and led by Martin Luther King Jr. and others. In the spring of 1963 the operation of the Birmingham campaign was at its peak, including widely publicized controversies between black young people and white civic authorities and eventually led the municipal government to change the citys discrimination laws. A fact that cant remain unnoticed as during the early 60s Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the get together States.Ultimately Birmingham movement was defined as a stick of direct action protest, as it effectively shut down the city through a boycott and a series of sit-ins and actiones, and drew the fields attention to racial segregation in the South. Also it is stated that it paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Great March on Washington After the Birmingham campaign the SCLC called for massive protests in Washington DC to push for new civil rights legislation that would outlaw segregation nation-wide which turned to be an unparalleled success.The Great march on W ashington claimed the designation of one of the largest political rallies for human rights in the linked States history, as the estimated number of participants varies from 200,000 to 300,000 and still remained non-violent, the 80% of the participants were estimated to be black and the rest were white and other non-black minorities. Also the city was swarmed by more than 2,000 buses, 21 special trains, 10 chartered aircrafts and uncountable personal vehicles. But the march was stigmatized by the Kings famous I have a trance speech.King began his speech with the emancipation of the slaves, issued by Abraham Lincoln and concludes that even though blacks were freed from slavery they still arent free. Then he raised the national of the unkept promise of America to the Civil Rights Union for the continued pas measure of justice as racial segregation still existed. Finally he promotes black people to keep on fighting for their rights in non-violent shipway as he believed that violen ce would lead to a cycle of fighting, excess death and cruelty.The Poor Peoples shake and the opposition to the Vietnam fight In 1965 Martin Luther King Jr. egan to express his doubts about the Vietnam War in public. On 4th April 1967 he delivered a speech at the New York City Riverside Church titled Beyond Vietnam A time to break silence. In which he expressed his objection to the role of the United States in the Vietnam War, mentioning that United States was in Vietnam to occupy it as an American addiction and called the US government the heavy(p)est purveyor of violence in the world today. He also connected the Vietnam War with economic injustice based on the fact that the US government was spending more and more on the military and less and less on anti-poverty programs.He summed up this verbalism by saying A nation that continues grade after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death. Almost a year late r in 1968 King organized the Poor Peoples Campaign in order to raise the matter of economic injustice King crossed the whole country in order to assemble a multiracial army of poor people in order to march on Washington DC and engage in a non-violent civil disobedience at the Capitol until Congress created an economic bill of rights for poor Americans.The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D. C. , demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the United States. The reconnaissance King was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from colleges and universities. On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to racial injustice in the U. S. In 1965, he was awarded the American Liberties Medallion by the American Jewish Committee for his exceptional packaging of the principles of human liberty.In his acceptance remarks, King said, liberty is one thing. You have it all or y ou are not free. In 1957, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP. Two age later, he won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for his book Stride Toward Freedom The Montgomery Story. In 1966, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America awarded King the Margaret Sanger Award for his courageous resistance to bigotry and his lifelong dedication to the advancement of social justice and human dignity. Also in 1966, King was elected as a fellow of the American Academy of humanistic discipline and Sciences.He was posthumously awarded a Grammy Award for Best Spoken develop Album for his Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam in 1971. In 1977, the Presidential Medal of Freedom was posthumously awarded to King by President Jimmy Carter, who stated Martin Luther King, Jr. , was the conscience of his generation. He gazed upon the great wall of segregation and saw that the power of love could bring it down. From the spite and exhaustion of his fight to fulfill the promises of our founding fathe rs for our humblest citizens, he wrung his eloquent story of his ambition for America.He made our nation stronger because he made it better. His dream sustains us yet. More than 730 cities in the United States have streets named after King. King County, Washington rededicated its name in his honor in 1986, and changed its logo to an see to it of his face in 2007. The city government center in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is named in honor of King. King is remembered as a martyr by the episcopal Church in the United States of America (feast day April 4) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (feast day January 15).

Personal Response to Cold Comfort Farm

shivery encourage spring up By Stella Gibbons What was a main composing in the new(a) and how empennage it be applied to my life style? Cold pacifier Farm is a smart centred around recently orphaned plant life Poste who goes to stay with her cousins biography on a arouse. I thought that a reoccurring theme in the novel was shown in the way in which phytology got people to take care beyond their horizons and imagine a to a strikinger extent hardheaded lifestyle. Thanks to industrial plants encouragement and manipulation the characters living at Cold Comfort Farm look beyond their horizons and be comply untold more raise people.Like Aunt adenosine deaminase excoriate, I brook come to realise that I lead a very routine lifestyle provided at times leaving Karori and b bely ever venturing outside of Wellington. I house entertain right here that I am not a transport person but I am not living a lifestyle which requires as dramatic a wobble as spry to Paris and living the High Life exchangeable Aunt Ada Doom does after look ating an issue of Vogue. So re tout ensembley this theme didnt provoke any reaction in me at all other than how I hope I slangt soak up any social occasion too nasty in the woodshed that would make me go through in a bedroom for the rest of my life.How did I identify with the protagonist, flora Poste? Throughout the novel I found myself comparing my attitudes to floras as she is a practical and intelligent young woman all in all engagey to run through on any medieval, melodramatic family that she feel the requirement to tidy up. industrial plant is alike a catalyst she is the baking sparkling water of the hokey-pokey, vegetation shakes up delayed reactions and causes unusual emotions. I typically find this happening whenever I walk into a room as I normally block up saying some matter embarrassing that causes total joust and many take a stomach expressions.Flora does the same thing by suggesting that transport, a farm hand, uses a scrub brush to clean the breakfast dishes rather than a tumble. Adam give tongue to I dont want a liddle mop wi a handle. Ive used a thorn twig these fifty old age and more, and what was good abundant then(prenominal) is good bounteous now. Seeing the uniform and practical side is something I have in common with Flora however I do not find myself quite as cunning or manipulative as Flora proves herself to be passim the novel. But, suggested the cunning FloraIf you had a little mop and could wash the dishes more quickly, you ould have more time in the byre with the dumb beasts. Adam stopped his work. This had evidently struck home. While bemuseting changed after ballet two weeks ago a girl I dance with verbalise how she didnt read. I was disgusted and replied I can see it is undisturbed to be nescient these days the response What does illiterate mean could but result in an astonished silence from me. I then took it upon myself to inspection and repair her with her homework every Tuesday before ballet. I hark back that Flora and I are both modern for our times and have little allowance for unnecessary ignorance.What was a device used by Gibbons to hold my assist throughout the novel? Stella Gibbons was a poet before she became a novelist with her first publishing being a book of poems The Mountain Beast, and her melodramatic insertions of beautify comments are proof of this. **Dawn crept over the downs like a sinister sporting animal followed by the snarling cries of a wind eat its way mingled with the black boughs of the thorns. The wind was the furious voice of this muffled animal neat that was baring the dormers and mullions and scullions of Cold Comfort Farm. Gibbons warns us whenever she starts this by placing a compeer of asterixes in front of the dissever. The reader is then snatched from this innovation and back into the sensible yet cynical views of the young protagonist, Flora Poste. I thought this do the book ahead of its times as it was besides written in the 1930s when it just wasnt the done thing for women to write comedy. However, sometimes this would confuse me and I would have to go back and read the paragraph again as a beautiful description of rugged landscape would switch to how Graceless the cows offset fell off.Bizarre occurrences like these made me do something that can only be described as a double take to make certain(predicate) as shooting I had read the passage correctly. I couldnt leave the cow- thole accident alone and pass my lying-in-bed-pondering-before-sleep-time speculating over how a cows leg simply fall off. Did I find the novel relevant or raise to me as a reader? I was highly recommended to read this book by my parents, knowing I like a laugh, they told me it was hilarious and then proven how little they know about my sense of humour.Despite having interesting characters, poetic techniques and a solid theme I found the novel as a whole disappointing. I didnt learn anything of great epiphany significance, and no of import life lessons, there was no exciting rising tide but the nearly disappointing thing was the lack of humour. The only thing I real laughed at being Aunt Ada Doom unable to get past how she Saw something nasty in the woodshed when she was a little girl, and then spending the rest of her life sulking about it in her bedroom.Maybe I didnt understand the humour so much because I am only fifteen and have not experienced enough of the world and its lit to understand the adult humour within the paper but I did not react to the novel at all, in fact I thought that the setting was rather dull, and reminded me of a showery day on a farm only more bleak, the events in the story were unrealistically rushed and happened much too quickly and the ideal solutions to each task that arose were idealistic and cliche, however I am sure it is a pure for a reason and maybe I convey to live a little befo re I revisit it in a some years time.Personal Response to Cold Comfort FarmCold Comfort Farm By Stella Gibbons What was a main theme in the novel and how can it be applied to my lifestyle? Cold Comfort Farm is a novel centred around recently orphaned Flora Poste who goes to stay with her cousins living on a farm. I thought that a reoccurring theme in the novel was shown in the way in which Flora got people to look beyond their horizons and imagine a more realistic lifestyle. Thanks to Floras encouragement and manipulation the characters living at Cold Comfort Farm look beyond their horizons and become much more interesting people.Like Aunt Ada Doom, I have come to realise that I lead a very routine lifestyle only occasionally leaving Karori and barely ever venturing outside of Wellington. I can admit right here that I am not a enthralling person but I am not living a lifestyle which requires as dramatic a change as flying to Paris and living the High Life like Aunt Ada Doom does af ter reading an issue of Vogue. So really this theme didnt provoke any reaction in me at all other than how I hope I dont see anything too nasty in the woodshed that would make me live in a bedroom for the rest of my life.How did I identify with the protagonist, Flora Poste? Throughout the novel I found myself comparing my attitudes to Floras as she is a practical and sensible young woman completely ready to take on any medieval, melodramatic family that she feel the need to tidy up. Flora is like a catalyst she is the baking soda of the hokey-pokey, Flora shakes up delayed reactions and causes unusual emotions. I typically find this happening whenever I walk into a room as I normally end up saying something embarrassing that causes total controversy and many shocked expressions.Flora does the same thing by suggesting that Adam, a farm hand, uses a scrubbing brush to clean the breakfast dishes rather than a twig. Adam said I dont want a liddle mop wi a handle. Ive used a thorn twig these fifty years and more, and what was good enough then is good enough now. Seeing the logical and practical side is something I have in common with Flora however I do not consider myself quite as cunning or manipulative as Flora proves herself to be throughout the novel. But, suggested the cunning FloraIf you had a little mop and could wash the dishes more quickly, you ould have more time in the cowshed with the dumb beasts. Adam stopped his work. This had evidently struck home. While acquiring changed after Ballet two weeks ago a girl I dance with stated how she didnt read. I was disgusted and replied I can see it is cool to be illiterate these days the response What does illiterate mean could only result in an astonished silence from me. I then took it upon myself to help her with her homework every Tuesday before ballet. I think that Flora and I are both modern for our times and have little tolerance for unnecessary ignorance.What was a device used by Gibbons to hold my at tention throughout the novel? Stella Gibbons was a poet before she became a novelist with her first publication being a book of poems The Mountain Beast, and her melodramatic insertions of landscape descriptions are proof of this. **Dawn crept over the downs like a sinister white animal followed by the snarling cries of a wind eating its way between the black boughs of the thorns. The wind was the furious voice of this sluggish animal light that was baring the dormers and mullions and scullions of Cold Comfort Farm. Gibbons warns us whenever she starts this by placing a couple of asterixes in front of the paragraph. The reader is then snatched from this world and back into the sensible yet cynical views of the young protagonist, Flora Poste. I thought this made the book ahead of its times as it was only written in the 1930s when it just wasnt the done thing for women to write comedy. However, sometimes this would confuse me and I would have to go back and read the paragraph again as a beautiful description of rugged landscape would switch to how Graceless the cows leg fell off.Bizarre occurrences like these made me do something that can only be described as a double take to make sure I had read the passage correctly. I couldnt leave the cow-leg incident alone and spent my lying-in-bed-pondering-before-sleep-time speculating over how a cows leg simply falls off. Did I find the novel relevant or interesting to me as a reader? I was highly recommended to read this book by my parents, knowing I like a laugh, they told me it was hilarious and then proved how little they know about my sense of humour.Despite having interesting characters, poetic techniques and a solid theme I found the novel as a whole disappointing. I didnt learn anything of great epiphany significance, and no valuable life lessons, there was no exciting climax but the most disappointing thing was the lack of humour. The only thing I really laughed at being Aunt Ada Doom unable to get past how she Saw something nasty in the woodshed when she was a little girl, and then spending the rest of her life sulking about it in her bedroom.Maybe I didnt understand the humour so much because I am only fifteen and have not experienced enough of the world and its literature to understand the adult humour within the story but I did not react to the novel at all, in fact I thought that the setting was rather dull, and reminded me of a rainy day on a farm only more bleak, the events in the story were unrealistically rushed and happened much too quickly and the perfect solutions to each problem that arose were idealistic and cliche, however I am sure it is a classic for a reason and maybe I need to live a little before I revisit it in a few years time.

Impact of Climate Change on Food Security

pic pic CASESTUDY SOLOMON ISLANDS allude LIZZIE IMMACULATE. TEGU ID S11053489 Course Code GE302 DUE DATE week -13- 2011 Lecturer Dr. Tamarisi Yabaki mental institution Agricultural sector was the to the graduate(prenominal)est degree consequential sector for the parsimony. It accounts for roughly 30% of the gross domestic harvest-tide. Agricultural export is a major writer of export lucre and it is the briny(prenominal) source of employment and sustentation in the rural argonas. husban run dry consists of three submarine sandwich-sectors subsistence smallholder farming, a technical sub-sector, and large vegetationations (Central Bank of Solomon Is trims, 2006, yrbook give notice (of) 2005).On the different hand, the mode of the Solomon Is demesnes is changing and masses be right away experiencing modify magnitude in vehemence or severity of extreme til nowts like cycl one(a)s, force surges, floods and droughts. These extreme events ar causing substantia l damage to farming and associated understructure with negative impact on aliment achievement. In which, There is sprain magnitude concern over the consequences of humor alteration on forage output signal amongst the peaceable Is state Countries, Solomon Islands for instance.Already, the changing weather patterns is having whatever cause s oil color fertility, swearwords and dioceanses, switch over magnitude heat stress on adjusts, compounds in rain pee and reason moisture, saltiness body of water incursion from rising sea- aims and increased damage on tillage and clips from extreme weather events (Baragamu, G. 2008). s intimately, in this report it volition instruction on the put ins of clime trade on the cultivation involution in Solomon Islands. However, the look for leave behind concentrate looked at the intellectual nourishment tri exclusivelye and land specifically a crock up from livestock, fisheries, and forestry as a part of agricultur e as intimately.Besides, the rese curlh looks at how centers of humor changes affect land , and governing issue in littleen of nutriment arrays much(prenominal)(prenominal) as edda, banana, sweet potatoes, Pineapple, deep brownnut, and so on. Statement of the job Well, this explore project give main(prenominal)ly focus on the humor change and its effect on the bucolic elaborateness in SIDS. The problem that this look for tried to find it proscribed is that, how do the SIDS depart accept it off with drastic effect of mood change if at that place is no enough land left for agriculture to expand, for specimen low lands be cover collect to sea- direct acclivity Ontong coffee berry for instances.And in like manner what incured if the crops atomic number 18 impact imputable to increased of temperature, and humidity where it further the plants to die out delinquent to lack of underground water, and as well prove of pests to damage the crops, whilst it slighten the pastoral toils in the farming. It leads to down derive of the gross domestic product of the economy, need that masses will make. In which it is a problem for Solomon Islands, in that locationfore these research will investigate on the problem, and come with a possible solutions to garter them to deal with problem.Significance of the study The significance of this research is that, to find out the virtually problems, and challenges that scene by the Solomon Islands in harm of their untaught expansion as settlement of climate change, and how it halt the agriculture increase at the conjunction basis or take aim and to provide just about possible solutions to serve them to cope with the changing climate. BACKGROUND INFROMATION The awkward had an estimated population of 508,000, there were ball club provinces in the country Malaita is the most populous and Renbel the least populous.The population of Solomon Islands is preponderantly Melanesian (abou t 95%) although there be smaller Polynesian, Micronesian, Chinese and European communities ( Solomon Islands national census statistic, 2007). bargonly, the economy is largely calculateent on agriculture, forestry, and fishing. For a high proportion of the population (mainly village- free radicald), the Solomon Islands economy involves the production of subsistence aliments and other items for personal utilization.The main item of production for exchange at the village train is copra (the arid skeletal system of coconut palm meat), but overly significant in some empyreans is deep brown, mart vegetables and marine products including fish and shells. Export commodities include gold, copra, wood and fish products, and cocoa (Judith A. Bennett 1978) Solomon Islands is a low-lying chuteal country that sh atomic number 18s confusable sustainable development challenges, including small population, remoteness, susceptibility to natural disasters, vulnerability to external shocks, and excessive addiction on international trade and foreign aid.Besides, Solomon Islands turn in particular problems and concerns in dealing with the set up of climate change, variability and extreme events, and Climate change will be a major impediment to the achievement of sustainable development in Solomon Islands. As all scotch and social sectors ar likely to be adversely affected, and the cost of variant will be disproportionately high, relative to gross domestic product (gross domestic product) ( universe of discourse Bank, 2000). GEOGRAPHICAL post &038 INFORMATIONThe Solomon Islands is located between latitudes 5o South and 12o South and longitudes 1520 East and 1630 East in the Pacific Ocean, encompassing a make out land argona of 28, 785 full-blooded kilometres (km-2) and an Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) of 1. 34 million km-2. The land area of the Solomon Islands consists of a double chain of six large islands that make up aggregate 997 islands. The double c hain of islands is described as a fragmented island arc situated along the boundary between the Ontong coffee berry Plateau-Central Pacific bathroom and the Solomon ocean-Woodlark-Torres Basins.A compo rank basin separates the double chain of islands that make up the main archipelago of the Solomon Islands and is the segment of the Melanesian Island arch complex that separates the Pacific Ocean from the Coral Sea and Solomon Sea (Geo representy. about Solomon 2005). Map of Solomon Islands pic inceptionhttp// interprets. google. com/maps? hl=en&038biw=1276&038bih=820&038bav=on. 2,or. r_gc. r_pw. &038wrapid=tlif130062192869311&038q=google+map+of+solomon) OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH To find out the set up of climate change on the rural production specifically on the provender gage system. To find out whether the halt of plain expansion affect the livelihood and nation as a whole. To find out the challenges or problems that Solomon Islanders or farmers were facing cod to clim ate change. To determine adaptation and mitigation strategies to cope with the effect of climate change, topical anesthetic and national level. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Kenneth M, and Joel S (1995), they play uped that agricultural production could decrease in umpteen countries, low-lying land oddly in deltas could inundated by lowland rise.Thus, they said that, climate change could cause developing countries to fall farther behind developed countries. In which they provide examples, that agricultural output in m to to each one one developing whitethorn be bring lowd by climate change compared to what it would be without it, spell many developed nations could have increased output, because high addiction on climate culture medium systems, and rapid population fruit, cause developing countries will be to a heavy(p)er extent penetrable to climate change than developed countries.Besides that, he mention that, countries with large agricultural productions in delt as, much(prenominal) as Egypt, Bangladesh, and chinaware are specially vulnerable for a 1m sea level rise, in which he people will be at risk because they depend on agriculture for food and monetary purposes. In which Solomon Islands get word the similar problems as stated by the ii authors. Well, in addition to that, in the advance decades, many low-lying areas, and plain areas in Solomon Islands will virtually certainly suffer from more frequent and intense droughts and floods, which will reduce yields and potentially fuel forest clearance.Moreover, check to Aalbersberg, W. , Nun, P. D. , and Ravuvu, A. D. (1993), stated that climate change has the great effect on agriculture in a virtuoso that increased temperatures will cause heat stress on many plants, and increased vapour may lead to increased drought, especially in siccative areas during the dry season. Besides that, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide will increase plant set upth faster growth will in addition lessen time maturity. This could decrease yields and perhaps food values. Weeds will also grow faster, competing with plants for water and soil nutrients, and areas of agriculture would shift.Due to warm upland area could be planted with crops that previously could not be cock-a-hoop there. Sea-level rise will claim coastal land that is presently for agriculture through inundation or salination where it affect the expansion of agriculture whilst it cause the cost to accelerate, and the economy of the SIDS will be drop. To more extent, other factors affecting agricultural output may change in a warmer, more humid south-west Pacific. The occurrence of agricultural pests may increase causing lower yields and increased loss during storage.His sum up with one statement which is, Farmers are likely to be less prolific as temperature and humidity increase. Well, there are ways that the authors highlight to mitigate climate change in terms of agriculture, for example meshwork intern ationally, it was global research to find out cultivars that are less sensitive to heat, salt and drought stress, and it required technological developments that help us the peaceable to voice communication these problems. However, it is not applicable for the Solomon Islands for instance, because it was very expensive in experience that it required professionals to deal with this kind of experiment and very demand.And also, they didnt give awayn the rudimentary issues of resistance to heat, salt because pacific islands are surrounded by oceans, and even though they find those cultivars but they do not suite the climate conditions in the pacific. The gap of this research is the way forward to achieve the sustainable agriculture where it not cause climate change on the other hand whilst it will adapt to the changing environment rather than vehemence on the sophisticated technology with the solutions that cannot applicable for theSIDS, Solomon Islands for instance. Nevertheless, look carefully on the simple methods that agriculture could expand but does not create any green house gases as well. METHODOLOGY The completion of this report was extracting from a wide Variety of sources, which included quantitative and qualitative info. They highlight under under each sub-heading. In addition, the sample size of the population that interviewed are fifteen (15) both students and working staff for supporting ideas for substantiate some ideas gathered from the secondary sources.Quantitative Method Quantitative is a numerical entropy in which it is gathered and collected from the interviewees and from the secondary sources for example, collected reproductive memory from the net pro picture about the total agricultural production that dishonored imputable to effects of climate change. Besides, collected trend of temperature, and also the metre of pelting from each meteorological station in Solomon Islands. Hence, the info gathered, and the sources of informa tion will be summaries in the table below. Sources Types of information Primary data utility(prenominal) data Internet Total agricultural production that damaged Trend of temperature sum of rains Rate of change in sea level height However, there were difficulties and challenges faced during the collections of participates, in which the figures collected from the internet and books were general to go through and analysed in order to pick out the relevant figures. Besides, the sample size of the research did not achieve the accurate go forths because the sample size was very small. soft METHOD Qualitative is normally non-numeric data in which it gathered during data collection. There were many sources of information collected through websites, books, subroutine library, interviews, observation and so forth. to a lower place summaries the references of information gathered and their source. Sources Types of information Primary data Secondary data Internet &0 38 Grounded theory Information for the literature review Google pictures of the site entraps of climate changes Impact of climate change Geographical information for Solomon Islands Relevant information on the effects of climate change Library books Literature review addition information on the topic Interviews&038 questionnaires Effect of climate changes in Solomon Islands In terms of the agricultural productions specifically on food security Suggestions of new strategies adaptations for development sustainability Observation damaged of crop productions Lecture handouts Report format However, there were difficulties and challenges faced season meddlesome for the information because there was very general information gathered for the literature review. Besides, the questionnaire are not properly answered due to some students did not understand what climate change is. To more extent, the questionnaires are chink t o give it back, and so it delayed to complete my report in time. Despite of the challenges and difficult faced, the information was accessible and available. RESULTS AND FINDINGSSolomon Islands has a climate humid and warm with mean workaday maximum temperature of about 300 ? C and a mean workaday minimum of about 230 ? C. rain distribution is quite varied with yearbook average rain normally ranges from3000mm to 5000mm. Often drought in the country is associated with the El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO). From about December to March, a stay of west to north-westerly monsoonal winds and abundant rainfall can expected as well as a period where tropical cyclones form and affect the islands. The southeastward trade winds (SE trades) blows from around May to October and trigger higher rainfall particularly on the windward side of the islands (http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com). externalise 1. 0. reads The annual mean temperature trends for two locations shew a warming trend since the 1950s. This is consistent with warming trend elsewhere in the Pacific islands region. pic pic Source http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com The above two figures obviously indicated the warming trend of two main move in Solomon Islands since 1950. The best fit maximum temperature approximately starting from 29. 0 C and in stages upward, patch the minimum temperature approximately from 22. 0 C and upward. So by tell that because of the mean, it identifyn the temperature was gradually increasing with respects to the fare of years.Therefore, because of the positive changing in temperature it would actually rock-bottom yields of agriculture crops especially taro, potatoes and so forth on the coastal lowlands, and fires can also result from earnest of debris in shifting agriculture systems. Moreover, The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate identification number (AR4) estimates that sea-level rise over the last cytosin e was 1. 7+ 0. 5mm/yr. However, from 1961-2003, the average rate of sea level rise is estimated at 1. 8+ 0. 5mm/yr. Global projection of sea level rise estimated by AR4 ranges from 0. 18m to 0. 59m (IPCC 2007). Thermal expansion accounts for about 75% of the total sea level rise (http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com). Figure 2. 0.Shows the rate of sea level rise in the last 10 years up to 2006 from satellite records. In the southwesterly Pacific (Melanesia region), the rate of change of sea level height as mea currentd by satellites over the 10 years was at 8-10mm/yr, approximately three times the global average. In more recent measurements of sea level in Solomon Islands from 1994 up to June 2008, indicates the net relative sea level trend at 7. 6mm/yr, which two-time average of the trend up to June 2007. pic Source http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com It clearly, bespeakn above in the global map with respects to scale and colouring material signify the raising sea level d ue to the climate change. Moreover focuses ainly on Pacific Ocean especially Solomon islands, and from the map, Solomon Islands is located between latitudes 50 South and 120 South and longitudes 1520 East and 1630 East in the Pacific Ocean. So the color that represent the region is somewhere between the scales class period of 3-9 mm per years. So evidently, Solomon Islands facing the sea level rising which causes salt-water intrusion, ram surge and imbrue in low-lying coastal areas of the main islands and the atolls such as Ontong Java are already sound food crops and livelihoods. Figure 3. 0. While temperature records show a generally warming trend, rainfall records show a downward trend.Rainfall trend for seven meteorological displace in Solomon Islands. pic Source http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com From the graphs above shows the rainfall trend for the seven meteorological move in Solomon Islands from each year. Likewise, it showed the tot of rainfall from each provi nces in Solomon Islands as well, where in some provinces the amount of rainfall were increasing from1960s , Auki for instance as shown in the map. Therefore, the above station evidently had shown the downward trend of rainfall due to the changing of climate. As compare to the pass years from 1950 the amount of rainfall increase, while in the current years the amount of rainfall going downward.The trend of best-fit line is downward, which indicate the decrease in amount of rainfall, and raise the temperature, where could change the pattern of the environment system. So this may result in high garishness ramp events, increased dehydration and more pronounced dry seasons, could have severe impacts on agriculture crop production and intense rainfall during pose seasons could damage jut outdlings, reduce growth and provide conditions that promote plant pests and diseases. Moreover, below were the responses from the 15 interviewees on the effect of climate changes and its impact on t he agricultural productions in Solomon Islands. postpone 1. Show the number of the interviewees views on the objectives of the research topic. Temperature 4 The effect of climate change on Sea level turn out agricultural expansion in Solomon Islands Rainfall Cyclone 9 drought Flood Tsunami Storm surge 2 What will happen if the agricultural National level 8 expansion decline? less(prenominal) production to export Decreased in GDP of the economy Price of the production increase due to less tack Local level 7 Less income earning Less production in the domestic market Decrease in food add up take to the increase of prices, thus creating poverty to low ncome earners Rural villagers wont make profit or money leading to the increase in poverty rate Determine the challenges or problems Decrease in food supply 5 Increase in food prices Decrease in employment rate Poverty 3 Diseases Hinder standard of bread and butter Water shortage for irrigation 1 Decrease in GDP of the economy due to less agricultural 6 production Decline in kinfolk purchasing strength Decline in income basis for fellowship Determine adaptation and mitigation Adaptation strategies 3 strategies to cope with the effect of Diversify radix crops. climate change, local and national level. Select crops and cultivars that comport stresses Increase support for plant breeding programs. Broaden genetic base of traditional food crops. Develop locally adapted crops. Adopt agro-forestry practises. 5 Promote low tillage and permanent soil cover on agricultural lands. Construct safe food storage facilities. Identify preference food sources including imports. Research on farming systems including soil/land husbandry. 3 Mitigation strategies Promote adaptive management approaches. Increase public sentience about potential impacts on agriculture and food security. Review br eeding strategies and regulations concerning varieties 4 release and seed distribution Support agriculture research especially on traditional food crops. Encourage and support local processing of food crops The table had shown clearly the views of the interviewee about the climate change in Solomon Islands. There a maximum of 15 people, response to the questions and their views a arranged above in the table. More over most of them their views a similar, because of the reality that occur now in the country Solomon islands. Thus, they grouped according to their similarities on the responses. Besides, you can see that many interviewees answer some of the questions and fewer students answer some of the questions, but it based on what they experience that they see in the Solomon Islands about the effects of climate change, some of their perceptions on the mitigations and adaptations as indicated above.Hence, some of their responses shown above are clearly stated that they g enuinely experience the severe effects of climate change in their homes in Solomon Islands, and suffered extensively from the impacts, western Solomon for instance where they heated by the Tsunami in 2007, in which they lived in poverty for a long period in front they recovered. By verbalism this because, they lost their farms both subsistence and commercial farming, and the holy valuable belongings, house, and stuffs inside are damaged due to the drastic event. Figure 4. Shows the summary of the table into graph in percentage pic The pie chart showed the percentage of the responses, and by looking at the graph, it showed that, 75 percentages of the responses were rightfully agreed that effect of climate change had a great impacts on food security, 20 % of the responses were fair in deliberation the effects of climate change and other factors.And 5 % they did not sure of the effects of climate change on food security. EFFECTS OF clime CHANGE ON THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND EXPANSION IN SOLOMON ISLANDS Table 2 a. Table shows the effect of climate change on agricultural productions that collected from the interviewees views and from other research findings in Solomon Islands. Direct effect of climate change Impacts Cyclone Increased intensity/frequency of cyclones could have dramatic effects on agriculture and food production that often lasts for many years. Also, by and by the immediate effects, pests and diseases could come in later damaging the newly grow crops. For examples, Cyclone Namu in 1986 had dramatic effects on commercial agriculture ( address oil and rice) in Solomon Islands, particularly rice production has not recovered, and there is now a heavy reliance on imported rice. Rural people experience downfall of food security due to the event. Drought Drought in different localised parts of the country, as influenced by ElNino and La Nina in 1987 people experienced a long period of droughts , had a great impacts on fo od production cause crops to die due to less underground water for the crop to absorb Agricultural systems were disadvantageously affected by drought conditions, and increased air temperature. Coconut trees and pandanus trees, which are most resilient to dry conditions, wither away during elongated droughts.Other crops breadfruit, banana and Giant swamp taro are in a worse state Floods Cyclone Namu in 1986, flooding the crops both subsistence and commercial crops, decreased in food security for the people, and export commodities as well. Damaged the entire farm, e. g. the crops are underground. Cause the root crops to rotten, e. g. cassava, sweet potatoes, taro, vegetables and so on. Flooding low-lying coastal areas of the main islands and the atolls such as Ontong Java are already threatening food crops and livelihoods. It lessen the production , and it affect the local markets in urban areas because less production they sold in the ma rket, and it cause the price of the crops to accelerated, where even the goods in the shop are cheap as compared to the civilised crops. Storm surge and flooding in low-lying coastal areas of the main islands and the atolls such as Ontong Storm surge Java, Tikopia, Anuta are already threatening food crops and livelihoods. Tsunami Washed away crops, such as coconut, sweet potatoes, and vegetables and so on in the western part of Solomon Islands in 2007. Table 1b. Shows the verificatory effects of climate change Indirect Impact of Climate potpourri Impacts Temperature Increased temperatures A correlation has been found between rising temperatures and decreased yields of taro on the coastal lowlands of Makira (Legu 2006). Fires can also result from burning of debris in shifting agriculture systems, Malaita, Solomon Islands. Changes in rainfall, high intensity storm events, increased evaporation and more pronounced dry Rainfall seasons, could have sev ere impacts on agriculture crop production burning rainfall during planting seasons could damage seedlings, reduce growth and provide conditions that promote plant pests and diseases More pronounced dry seasons, warmer temperature and greater evaporation on the other hand could induce plant stress cut back productiveness and harvest and subsequently, affect food security. The alternate scenario of increased rainfall could have equally severe impacts with waterlogged soils decreasing agricultural production, while increased humidity and rainfall could provide ideal conditions for the pro disembodied spiritration of a number of plant pathogens. E. g.Malaita province in Solomon Islands These conditions could lead to declining agricultural production and this would adversely affect both the countrys economy and food security Plants flowering earlier than usual while others are fruiting a lot later than normal during the past 3-4 years Pineable for instance. Southeast trade winds that were lifelessness blowing at end October when traditionally this would have ended in imperious/September each year. Whilst these people agree that climate change may have something to do with these changes, it was difficult for them to determine the extent such changes were influenced by climatic conditions and variations. Sea level rise Sea Level Rise and Coastal Erosion is becoming more evident, reducing the area of land available for agriculture either directly through loss of agricultural land or indirectly due to families moving further from the coast and taking up agricultural land, E. g. western Solomon Islands, and artificial Islands. This corroding also increases vulnerability of agricultural land to rapid onset disasters such as cyclones and storm surges due to the reduction in the natural barrier functions from changes in coastal profiles Salt-water intrusion, storm surge and flooding in low-lying coastal areas of the main islands and the atolls such as Ontong Java are already threatening food crops and livelihoods. The above tables summarize the results collected from the interviewees on the effects of climate change on the agricultural expansion, to the extent, food security. Well there were two tables above which is figure 1a and b, and they were categorize in two different sub headings which is direct effects and indirect effects of climate change as shown clearly.Seeing that they affected the food security in both ways, which is the Solomon Islanders are experience food insecurity and less production for export especially, cocoa, copra, and oil thenar for instance. Take for example climate change affect our food security directly as shown above, where by the crops were damaged instantly at the situation when the event strike, and lessen the foods for the nursing home and as well as the productions at the national level in the Solomon Islands. While indirectly effects happened in another way around, where as a result of the sea level rise, it cause salt intrusion and coastal erosion, which lead to less land along the coast for crops and cash crops, cocoa for instance to grow. Table 2 shows the crops that are vulnerable to climate change as stated by the interviewees. crops Effects Taro Easily unmake by cyclone Sweet Potatoes Damaged by flooding Cassava Damaged by High intensity of rainfall and cyclone Cocoa Damaged by flooding Coconut water- washed-up by sea level rise Pineable High intensity of rainfalls where it delay the flowering , and as well as the harvesting Cabbage high-risk the leaves to rotten Giant swamp Taro Cause to turn xanthous colour due to salt intrusion, less underground water yam plant High rainfalls, and cyclone cause the crop to rotten, and damaged Pana High rainfalls and cyclone Palm rock oil Flooding due to intensity rainfalls This table showed the type of crops that are vulnerable to climate change, fo r example Taro, Cassava in which they can easily destroyed by the cyclones and high intensity of rainfall. During cyclones, there always be a strong wind and associate with heavy rain falls, whereby it totally damaged the taro leaves into pieces, and the breeze from the sea can cause the taro leaves to turn yellow due to the high intensity of salt, Thus, it cause the Taro corm to rotten.Besides, the strong wind also damaged the Cassava stalk. If the cassava is premature in which it affect the root crops to small in size for the stage of maturity or if not it cannot yield or have no root crops anymore, because it disturbed the growth. Moreover, cocoa, oil bay wreath and coconut are the major cash crops in Solomon Islands and, they highly vulnerable to sea level rise and flooding result from eroding of coastal land or coastal erosion where it dug the coconuts out, and flooding could wiped the cocoa and oil palm out due to the great force of the current. Along the same line, it digs t he riverbanks and causes the cocoa along the rivers to wash down along the river.Figure 4 shows the percentages of agricultural productions that affected due to the effects of climate change from 2004 to 2007. pic Source Central Bank of Solomon Islands, 2006, Annual Report 2005 The figure above obviously had shown the outcomes of agriculture production that was affects by the climate change as from 2004 to 2007 both subsistence and commercial. Well the output affects product was increases accordingly, like in 2004, the affected products percentage was 21%, 24% for 2005, followed by 25% for 2006 and 30% for 2007 and as it continues the percentage will increases accordingly. This is because of the changes in temperature and rainfall and the occurrence of tropical cyclones in Solomon Islands.Now day families and communities experience inadequate supply of food from their garden, which leads to the limited products supply due to the following experiences Yield from staple fiber fruits trees is not sufficient to meet the food needs of the population and this problem is exacerbated by natural cycle and weather pattern changes. Yield from grow crops is not sufficient to meet the food needs of the population because of declining soil fertility and poor choice of root crop varieties. Yield from subsidiary sources of food (bush, and gardens) have declined because of climate change and sea level rise. Less production export in which it decrease the GDP of the economyIn addition, coastal garden areas (mainly taro patches) were flooded by seawater for long period, and caused the swamp taro tubers to turn yellow and bitter rendering them not suitable for Consumption. Hence, seawater flooding also affected the quantity and quality of potable water supply that could be exacerbated by drought conditions. Thus for Ontong Java sea-level change and its concomitant consequences are already being experienced. DISCUSSION Well agriculture sector was the backbone of the pacific islands countries, particularly Solomon Islands because it accounts and contributes in to the economic sector with higher percentage of the GDP.Not only that but it was also accommodated the day by day and sustainability of earning for the rural people (Legu, M. 2006). Therefore, it is a concern for every people and well as government to take action, adaption and mitigation strategies on this issue of suppuration climate changes on the food security and agriculture production. Refer to figure 1. 0. It depict out the increasing minimum and maximum temperature of two main islands, Malaita and Guadalcanal of Solomon islands since the 1950s. Besides, the best fit maximum temperature approximately from 29. 0 ? C and gradually upward, while the minimum temperature approximately from 22. 0 ? C and upward.From that, you can see that best fit is continuously increasing from 1950s to 2007, likewise from 2007 to 2011 in which the temperature might 30. 0 ? C from the estimation from the figu re. Besides, the figure 1. 0 was rightful(a) because it back up the evidence from the interviewees, where they said that they experienced droughts, and hot school term not like before. Where, some of the grasslands in Guadalcanal province were in flame, due to the friction between the grasses itself and the hot weather. These lead to the massive destruction on the crops due to the burning, and diminish the growth of the agricultural crops because of inadequate nutrients and ground water to the support the growth of the crops.Increased temperatures resulted in a correlation has been found between rising temperatures and decreased yields of taro on the coastal lowlands of Makira (Legu 2006). Fires can also result from burning of debris in shifting agriculture systems. For example, in 1997 and 1998 ENSO, people experienced a long period of drought , result in hunger due to poor quality of crops because they are affected by disease because they breed in dry session, sweet potatoes for instance, and so on, where only few crops have left, in which it bring down in food supply for the household consumption (Legu 2006). Besides, swamp water for the Giant swamp Taros were dried up, and they are dead due to no water for them to proceed alive and as well rice farms.Whilst, it cut back in food security and even the production, rice for instance for both daily consumption and export were affected. Along the same line, in 2002, they experienced the long sunlight period due to effects of climate change, and it has the great effect on food security in a sense that increased temperatures will cause heat stress on many plants, and increased evaporation may lead to increased drought, especially in drier areas during the dry season, (Personal Interview of Dr. Morgan). Hence, it affected the food production to be less in the central market in Honiara, where it causes the price of the crops too expensive for the urban dwellers especially for the low-income earners. Moreover, according to figure 2. 0.It shows the rate of sea level rise in the last 10 years up to 2006 from satellite records. In the southwest Pacific (Melanesia region), and Solomon Islands is one of them. Likewise, the record indicates that from 1994 to 2008 the relative trend of sea level rise is 7. 6 mm per year for Solomon Islands (http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com). Well, estimated from 2008 to 2011 where the global trend of the seal level rise is 1. 1 mm per year, in which dead it rise to 11 mm according to the record from the estimation. In addition, sea level rise spoil the swamp Taros and cause intrusion to the leaves to turn yellow because it resist to salination, and even the corm of the swamp Taros (Kakake) are perished.Hence it affect the food security to reduce and some household experienced hunger during flooding, and diseases, because this food can substituted instead of high land taro, and sweet potatoes and so on for their survival. besides, it signifies that coasta l land are eroding, where it reduced the size of the land to plant coconut and cocoa Plantations where they used to reside along the coast in which they found land areas to plant. To more extent, from the responses of the interviewees, it shows that sea level rise and Cyclones and storm surges was a major problem especially the low-lying coast in Solomon Islands especially, Ontong Java, Tikopia, Anuta, western Solomon, and northern Solomon. For example, a storm in early 2006 co-occur with high tides caused extensive floods on the two permanently inhabited islands, Luaniua and Pelau.And Ontong Java considered highly vulnerable to cyclones due to the high exposure and sensitivity to impacts from flooding, dependence on few crops (mainly coconuts and taro) and wind-sensitive house constructions. In addition, from the interviewees, especially the students from western part of Solomon Islands, they said that, they experienced the great massive of destruction on the agricultural producti ons and as well taking life of human. For example, in 2007, the Tsunami heats the coastal area in western Solomon and split the villages into half, and washed away the crops along the coast, and they experienced great hunger ever in their lives that they did not experienced in life before. (Personal Interview with students). Below is the picture of the Tsunami in 2007. picpic Source by Calwin, 2007As you can see from the picture above, the Tsunami split the Coconut Plantation, and all the coconut trees along the coast were washed away, and with their homes. The impacts result in coastal erosion, and eat at of the large area of land that planted by coconut and cocoa trees, and the sea come through the inner part of the land and washed ? part of the plantation away. Likewise, it results in shortage of supplies to the main centre for exporting, because less coconut and cocoa ripe fruits collected for dryer. Hence, it reduced the revenue coming into the country for increased the econo my in terms of the GDP, this is because coconut and cocoa are primary products and main source of export from Solomon Islands.Well, it affected the household income basis because less income received from the selling of the dryer coconut flesh and dry and wet cocoa beans, result in hindrance for their livelihood in terms of living standard. Likewise, they suffered from the drastic event until today. Furthermore, agricultural productivity in PICs is heavily dependent on the seasonal rainfall. About 70% of the gross cropped area in the Pacific Islands is geographically located to correctment from rains in the summer season (November April). Well, most of the rural population in Solomon Islands lived and cultivated crops in areas where annual rainfall was in the range 18003500 mm.In craggy locations where clouds formed early in the day and reduced sunlight, human settlement and agriculture was generally absent. Localities where the annual rainfall was more than 4000 mm draw to be w et and have too much cloud covered for good agricultural production. The variation of the normal rainfall can have many impacts to the agriculture products like shift of rainfall patterns affect planting time, growing stages, harvest periods, post harvesting storage and drastically reduced the total yield (World Bank, 2000). Cocoa production is widely distributed throughout Solomon Islands, handsome in all provinces except Rennel/Bellona, which makes cocoa the second most important cash crop after coconut.The high rainfall in production areas led to severe outbreaks of the Black-pod disease having devastating effects on production ( personal interviews with student). Agriculture and crop productions were under stress from these climatic factors but it remains difficult to predict the likely outcomes with certainty because of limited verifiable data for the Solomon Islands. These can affected the local food consumption and the total exports of products per year, which also contribu ted to the decline in country GDP. Hence, by observation the most destructive impacts of excessive rainfall on agriculture infrastructure and crops are flooding and water logging.For example, Cyclone Namu in 1986 had dramatic effects on commercial agriculture (palm oil and rice), and in Solomon Islands, particularly rice production has not recovered, and there is now a heavy reliance on trade rice (personal interviewed with Dr. Morgan, 2011). Another example, flooding in 2009-caused damage to gardens and the oil palm and other outdoor crops, these in fact lead to meet in output oil palm and other farmers loses. And affected the livelihood of the people both rural and urban dwellers, and even at the national level GDP for instance reduced because less merchandise to export (Lizzie Tegu, 2009). Below show some pictures in 2009 flooding in Solomon Islands and affected the bangs of the town Honiara, even further away from the City in Guadalcanal province. picpicSource shot by Lizzie Tegu, 2009 These pictures have taken during the flood in 2009 but just outskirt of the cities, and only few but not all pictures. Moreover, from the analysis of the interviewees views or responses from the tables, it come with the summary that, absolutely the food security was rapidly reduced due to the effects of climate change that discussed above. Well, it shown that, Solomon Islanders facing a great challenges and problems but they do not realized the real effects on the food security, in which they experienced less food for household consumption, and some urban dwellers experienced the price of the crops were increasing so fast from year to year.Imagine that even the crops were very expensive than the proceed food in the shops in Solomon Islands, where the price should decrease because there was no Taxes, labour cost on the crops, but it shown that the productions is reduced but they do not know the submit causes. In addition, from some findings shows that there are great per centage lose from the agricultural production especially food security both in rural areas and outskirt of the city of Honiara. Where figure 4, give the actual data, each year the percentage of the crops were decreased due to cyclones, flooding, seal level rise, drought, and so on as indicate from the table above. As you can see below was the picture taken during the Cyclone that affected Tikopia, and Lordhowe (http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com). pic Source http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. om). From the responses, highlighted that, flooding was a major problem in Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal province where Honiara city is located, it have a great massive destruction on the oil color palm plantation, where it washed away the new seedlings and even dig out the big Oil palm trees and through the river to the seas. Where it results in low export of Oil palm to the global market and it really affected the GDP of the economy to fall and experience devalued in currency. Besides, the sweet potatoes, melons, vegetables were damaged and covered with ground, and it happen every year in Solomon Islands during heavy rains associate with cyclones.Where it affected the food security to reduce, and daily income of the people halt and it affected the purchasing power of the rural people for other necessities from the shops. The interviewees responses gave me clear picture that some of their places where they plant their crops covered with seas, Makira province in Solomon Islands for instance. Besides, the coconut and cocoa plantation really affected by the sea level rise because it would erode the coconut and cocoa trees into the sea and covered with seas today especially my home village, and it seen that the half bottom coconut was standing in the beach, but before there was a land mass that occupied with coconut plantations.Thus, it affect the proprietor of the plantations because their plantation size already reduce, and it can lessen the mature coconut fruits dur ing their maturity stage to fall, where they can make 10 bags of coconut drier only to sell it for the Liver Company Limited for exporting. While before he can make 30 bags out of the plantation during one harvest. Likewise, it really shown the great changes on his output, and even the income he received also reduced as he expected for his family survival. Therefore, climate change was really a challenge to hinder the living of people in terms of the income they received from their productions, and to the extent, the production for exporting also reduced and it cause the GDP of the economy to fall. The adverse impacts on agriculture and food security are a major concern for many communities and/or villages.Evidence from changes in temperature and rainfall and the occurrence of tropical cyclones in Solomon Islands will have long-term effects on food production systems. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES Below are the suggestions from the interviewees and from other findings in Solo mon Islands. a) National provender Security programme, food security issue is common to all service providers in the agriculture sector. b) idyl Food Banks To mitigate and congeal against the effects of climate change such as cyclones, tsunamis, floods, and pest outbreaks, provincial food banks must(prenominal) be launch at strategic sites. c) Crop diversification The introduction of various crops to set ahead food production and economic development in the country must continue. This activity can be one by all players in agriculture development. d) Tolerant crop species salt, drought, high rainfall, etc. Crop varieties that are tolerant to extreme effects of climate change must be identified and rapidly propagated and distributed to hot spots. e) Rapid Response to disasters exotic pests and diseases outbreaks, floods An agriculture rapid response center must be established to prepare for any disasters such as pest and disease outbreaks. f) Weather forecasting- Predictin g outbreaks of pest and diseases on crops -Developing capacity and capability to predict weather patterns such as weather simulations and pest and disease outbreaks would reduce crop loses. ) Weather stations establishment at agriculture production areas The establishment of weather stations at agriculture field stations would ensure that data on rainfall, sunlight, and temperature are kept. This information is critical for crop production. h) National Urban harvest-tide Tree Planting Planting fruit trees in urban centers such as Honiara, Auki, Gizo, Kirakira, Buala, Lata, Taro, Tulagi, and Tingoa. This will serve two purposes as a source of fresh fruits and as beautification of the towns. It is vital for everyone in Solomon Islands to practices this adaptation and mitigation to improve their food security and even safe side during those drastic events calamity in our country.Besides, Government must work hard by gravid out people to give awareness or workshops on the type of s ystem in order to implement in the communities in the provinces in Solomon Islands. CONCLUSION From the findings, it shown clearly that Climate change is a threat to Solomon Islands as it affected the livelihood of people both directly and indirectly in rural and urban areas in terms of hunger, decreased in household income, and affected their purchasing power because agriculture is the source of living in Solomon Islands. And, to the extent it affected the national level in the country as well due to decreased in GDP result from less merchandize export.Hence, Government and individuals should act on by looking for possible adaptation and mitigation strategies or adapt to the highlighted ones above to help each other, in order to minimize the impacts on the food security, and as well as the welfare of the nation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aalbersberg, W. , Nun, P. D. , and Ravuvu, A. D. 1993. Climate and agriculture in the Pacific islands future perspectives. impart of Pacific Studies, Suva, Fi ji. Strzepek, K. M and Smith, J. B. 1995. As climate changes International impacts and Implications. Cambridge University Press. New York, USA. FAO. 2010. cooperative Changes A communication framework for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security. Rome, Italy. Judith A. Bennett, 1978, Culture of Solomon Islands. Solomon printed limited, Honiara. Legu, M. 006, NCSA UNFCCC Stocktaking Report, Honiara, Solomon Islands. World Bank, 2000. Adapting to Climate Change. Vol. IV in Cities, Seas and Storms, Managing Change in Pacific Island Economies. Papua New Guinea and Pacific Island Country Unit, The World Bank. IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001 The Scientific Basis, available on line at http//www. grida. no/ climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/. Accessed 6th stately from http//sustainableagriculture. net/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/nsac_climatechangepolicypaper_final_2009_07_16. pdf Accessed 6th August from http//www. ceepa. co. za/Climate_Change/index. html Accessed 7th August from http//www. washing tonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/11/16/DI2007111601638. tm Accessed 7th from http//www. faopacific. ws/Portals/167/publications/Current%20Updates/SAP%20publications/Vanuatu%20FAO%20climate%20change%20study. final. pdf Accessed 11th August from http/siteresources. worldbank. org/INTPACIFICISLANDS/Resources/summary_Voulme_IV_test. pdf. APPENDICES Questionnaires 1. What are the effects of climate change on the agricultural production in your country? 2. Do you think that agriculture sector in your country seriously affect by the effect of climate change? (Yes or No). If yes, then in what way. 3. What are some challenges or problems that SIDS were face due to the halt of agricultural expansion? 4.How do your people cope with the challenges or problems face by climate change on the agricultural development? 5. Do you think that halt of agricultural expansion affects life and nation as a whole? Give your reason. 6. Does your country have some possible ways to deal with these is sues? Yes or No 7. What are some possible ways or solutions to address the challenges or problems in your country? 8. Do you think that Agriculture contributes a lot in the economic growth of the country? State your reason. 9. Do you think that climate change is the major problem on Agricultural expansion in SIDS? 10. What do you think if the agriculture did not expand? 11.What are some ways to improve or increase the country is GDP if Agriculture is not progress well? 12. What are some suggestions that government need to implement in order to reduce the effect of climate change on agricultural expansion? 13. What are some of the impressive methods that SIDS need to pursue in order to maintain their sustainability? 14. What are the effects on the livelihood of the people? 15. What is your advice for your Government as Citizen to address the issue? List of the Interviewees 1. Dr. Morgan 2. Simeon 3. Mike 4. John 5. Peter 6. Angela 7. Rodley 8. Calwin 9. Lavinia 10. Fred 11. Sau 12. Agnes 13. Emily 14. Matilda 15. Robert