Slavery by Another Name

Matt Henderson Dr. Hilbert The Cigargontte hundred March 23, 2009 The Cigargontte carbon Book Review The Cig arette Century, the undisputed climbing and dramatic playtic even off of butt end inhalation in the United States. There are almighty ethnic values that account for the resilience of the nates and the all in all the drama that comes along with it. The once ever popular and much noticeable carri time smoke had as we have seen it progress and slightly quantify decline has in conclusion become a marginalized and often stigmatized practice. The modern font goat, was born in the be deepd 19th century in the U.S, but for the longest time stay oned the indus travails unattended and undersold user placing second under chewing baccy and pipe tobacco. The rise of the rear simply changed the the Statesn Culture, burning through the demesnes industry, organization, and obviously the scholarship and wellness organizations as substantially. Cigarettes has more than fifty illnesses and twenty causes of death associated with it. Its absolutely insane to think at one point America saw pot as glamorous or even a symbol of elegance, devastating millions of good deal with the effects of smoke and the crabmeats it holds as well.During force personnel war I and World struggle II, bums were rationed to soldiers. In some countries as well as the U. S, made fags a state monopoly, which the Unites states determines reliable fanny taxes and where tobacco for the bum is considered an essential proceeds which tends to get the least(prenominal) taxed. In this case, the government says that tobacco for the cigarette is a necessity because so umpteen pot buy them and essentially helps America grow stronger and in a lot of cases weaker along with the cigarette.Giant pieces of elaboration, science, politics, law and global spread of the cigarette doesnt even pause to analyze the paradox of smoking that in conclusion turns into your death. Smo kers in America are ambushed with a wide variety of overpowering tobacco advertising cultural aesthetics, peer pressure, the ever addicting nicotine, and turning to the youth urging for rebellion against the figureitys of society. The boom in smoking after World War I was recognized as well seen as a relaxant in put in to combat the scalding nisus of trench warfare.The cigarette dawned with the age and throw from substantial manu detailuring advances in engineering science and marketing strategies, which was further moved along by dramatic shifts in Ameri hind end culture and social norms following the end of World War I. The cigarette and tobacco industry engulfed the entire nation in a single heartbeat. In the early 1900s, cigs accounted an astonishing 5% of all municipal tobacco that is until the near midcentury and the outbreak of the second World War close to half of all adults smoked and even more for the enlisted men and women of the arm forces.All of a sudden cigar ettes were eitherwhere with ashtrays littering e truly room offices, clubs, and practically every American home as well. As Brandt describes that the tobacco companies were the rotten orchis from the exposit, they began to exploit and expand their intersection to the waiting hands of Americans. No health hazards of smoking were ever proven so it just seemed to add to the fact that smoking was ok and were readily available to all who wished to purchase them.However the cigarette and its m some othering tobacco companies took a devastating blow after World War II when the connection was made between smoking and lung cancer. Being approach with crushing modernistics the tobacco industry bring nearlyed a formidable disaffirmation lawyers not denying the health risks of smoking, but illustrated another side to the story stating agreeable affects and other broad statements that people were skeptical about. Brandt also writes that his volume, The Cigarette Century breaks out in to a meticulous record of numerous courtroom clashes that essentially defined the life of a cigarette and its place in American society.However these infamous trials have yet to cripple the industry as Brandt and m some(prenominal) others had hoped to happen, but they have delivered mortal wounds more effectively in the origin which brought upon years of documentation on the industries personal outlook on health concerns. Brandt Quotes Create an even Bigger Monster (AIDS) that has made every dealings since then feel like a deal with the devil, on overhaul of a dance of death. He also concludes that cigarette tobacco is cancer causing and promoting, extremely poisonous, and unfortunately stimulating, pleasurable and lavorful. No other home(prenominal) or imported has even come close to organism so heavily promoted or so deeply interlocked with the American consciousness. Also the designing of plenitude marketing ultimately lead to cigs being empowered in advertising and film having deep ties and connections with fame and sex appeal. Even more surprising is that this result, cigarette tobacco has endured more scrutiny and chiding than some(prenominal) other product in the world. pertly aesculapian question and pure k at a timeledge of tobacco has also bodd the evolution and creation of modern medicine as well.In a last ditch effort Brandt tells the audience that these tobacco companies are trying to delay and disrupt these studies that could potentially destroy the cigarette industry. merely even as American culture has begun to show dominance and declined consumption cigarettes look to expand into new global markets. Before the cigarette thee was tobacco. Having being domesticated by early Native Americans tobacco and its many products would remain a foundation in our nations economy. Tobacco contend a central role in behaviors, rituals, and social activities of the modern American. pack Duke virtually single handedly invented the modern day cigarette. U. S manufactures deployed hundreds of cig rollers in an effort to cast up the demand however there were many attempts to replace these workers with machines however the machines turn out no match against the speed and precision of the gracious hand. Although the breakthrough came when James Bonsack introduced a rolling machine that could buzz off 200 cigs per minute essentially as often as a human hand could produce in an hours time thus came the end of human rollers in the late 1800s.It would be almost 2 decades later that the tobacco companies and congress would collide under the violation of the Sherman Act with basically sets limits on cartels and monopolies which fall under the antitrust laws. These laws created by congress established set down trade amongst companies, banning anti-competitive practices that tend to lead to such a superior position, and supervising the mergers and acquisitions of large corporations. In May 1911, The American Tobacco club wa s found guilty of violating the Sherman antitrust act and was ordered to dissolve.More court cases would posit themselves under violation of the Sherman antitrust act as key elements of cigarette consumption had been clearly established. Many of these attributes went hand in hand with the increase aggressiveness of the promotion of youth. The cigarettes on the hook(predicate)ly addictive ingredients assured that once people became a smoker, youd most likely remain a smoker. Duke neer realized that cigarette would dominate the tobacco industry for decades to come as others thought it was just another fad in tobaccos long history.What he failed to realize was that this product, which he had done so much to invent would be a stepping stone of its modern phylogenesis. Economic triumph and its material trappings of the cigarette invited moral hardship. As the growing popularity of the cigarette threatened to shatter aspects of these threatened values, their guardians, the antitobac co movement would mount a defense against this upcoming threat. Brandt, states that its a fight to free our beloved nation from a form of mental slavery.In Los Angeles people that believed in the antitobacco movement were cadaverous into its cause and decided to seek treatment for their tobacco addictions thus ever-changing American culture and promoting the idea of self- wittingness of an individuals health. Although in New York petitioned to repeal a law that had banned cigarettes on the rear bumpers of their cars in which tobacco companies supported. This very act of more general space pronounced a critical attribute to the rise of the cigarette. The use of cigarettes in the military became the bowel movementlines of this epic battleground.The cigarette to un-enlisted men seemed to project an image of military decorum as they were curtly quick to enlist, however the military recommended that enlistees under the age of 21 be prohibited from smoking which rapidly ran into harsh resistance. By the time the United States entered World War I opposition of any age in the military seemed to cease to exist as the spirited risk of death throughout the was seemed to have some gratification when it came to smoking cigarettes in the trenches. The moral threat of smoking seemed just fine and seemed positively safe in the short run compared to all the violence and war going almost the men.General Pershing of the United States Army pleaded back to the home front that they needed tobacco as much as bullets in order to win the war clearly showing the government yielding to cigarettes and its tobacco. Soldiers and pro-smoker activists hold that tobacco may not be a necessity in life but it sure helps ease the hardships of war as zilch else could do making it seem like the culture now resided around the cigarette. During the war the American public combined its resources and shifted its views towards smoking and actually started to construct funds or smoking comforts for the boys overseas. The Army being strike by the public effort began to issue out tobacco rations. two World Wars would now mark the critical point in establishing the cigarette as the most dominate product of the modern American consumer culture. kinda than disrupting the rise of the consumer culture, both wars actually seemed to be accelerating the put to work. More overwhelmingly ascribable to promotional efforts being closely tied to patriotism and morale, was proving to be fantastically successful transforming the cigarette into an ultimate cultural icon.After the war, people were committed to the cigarette and the taste that came with it. The Coming of the Camel by R. J Reynolds was the first to jump on the bandwagon and go after the taste of the cigarette being that the taste depended as much on the American culture as it did on the meld of tobacco. It was here that Camel became the first truly national cigarette brand cover the nation with its new taste and style. The ongoing attacks led by non-smokers paradoxically made the cigarette even more powerful symbol of the modern culture and polished its appeal to all ages.More importantly the more wild and aggressive the attacks on cigarettes occurred the more popular it came. This cigarette century has lastly arrived in America. Cigarettes and smoking quick spread through the culture and into sexual practice sexuality, new manufacturing agencies and in a new age of consumer consumption and its design. These companies soon realized that smoking had become the social norm and they soon grew impatient to shape the new territory. Going after the women smokers companies advertised using women in frequent tobacco ads in an attempt to conjure both the young-bearing(prenominal) and the male.The goal of the ads were simply to transform the young school girls and boys of America and switch over them into cigarette addicts regardless of the already established medical and health findings on smoking da ngers. Political figures and policy makers seemed to approve the creation of the product because of its increasingly positive effect on the nations economy. The cigarette genuinely suggested too many that its demand could be recognized and shaped by the techniques of advertising simply finding out Americas likes and dislikes and wants and what it doesnt want from the cigarette.The cigarette in this case simply reflected on the importance of its design in order to organize the new consumer consciousness for both male and distaff along with constructing the meaning and purpose of their product. There was intense competition as aggressive tactics copy and packaging were crucial in the last of all the competing tobacco companies. Companies invested millions into advertising their product through TV or even through the daily newspaper in order to range of a function out to their consumers. As new advertising media became available the industries moved quickly to seize these promotion al opportunities.During the 1930s tobacco companies became the most famous and fertile advertisers on the commercial radio broadcasting to millions of Americans nationwide. By the 1930s it became eminently clear that cigarettes would once again dominate over all the other forms of tobacco consumption. The cigarette had surprising reverberated throughout the entire economy button tobacco to be the 4th largest cash crop in the nation and in some states it was the 1st. It had deeply seeded itself in the American culture and by the middle of the century had become central command in the modern nations industrial economy.Even as the consumer culture flourished, criticism remained, not entirely to the cigarette but the cultural norms as well. It would alone become later in the century that health risks of smoking would present themselves in very powerful ways. The cigarette, the ultimate icon of our consumer culture, serves as a vehicle for people to explore critical aspects of Americ an life. From agriculture to heavy(p) business, from medicine to politics, The Cigarette Century shows how smoking came to be so deeply implicated in our culture, science, policy, and law.Now The World Health Organization now predicts 1 billion deaths over the next hundred years ten times as many as died in the 20th century. Smokers have a harder time healing from surgeries, and have more overall health issues than do nonsmokers as many people die every year from illnesses ca employ by smoking. Smoking increases your chances of getting cancer. Cigarette smoking may play a role in developing many kinds of cancer. Lung cancer is the most parking lot kind of cancer caused by smoking. As the risk of losing your unborn shaver or having a stillborn baby is higher if you are pregnant and smoke.Babies born to smoking mothers often weigh less, and are at a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death due to smoking being that 90% of lung cancer cases are due to smoking. Cancer can start in many areas of the mouth, with the most common being on or underneath the tongue, or on the lips. Cigarette smoking was such a normal thing and had been for such a long time its tough to even have considered that it could be associated with any sort of disease.Children and teens are curiously vulnerable to the hazards of smoking. Because their bodies are not fully mature, smoking interferes with normal lung development in those who begin smoking as children or adolescents. Young people who smoke may become even more strongly disposed to cigarettes and face a greater risk for developing lung cancer than those who start smoking later in life. Teens who smoke are also more likely to have depression or other psychological problems. They are also more likely to engage in other dangerous behaviors like alcohol and/or experimenting with new drugs.Many people in this book did all they could to stop smoking however they were too little to late as soon many of them died as they had fallen victim to the very product that had been the center of their lives. The root causes of cigarette smoking sent shockwaves to the tobacco companies into its core. Physicians advised individuals to cut down on smoking however they couldnt guarantee anyone that any level of smoking would even be considered as safe. Cigarettes were tied as being the most feared disease of the century placing 2nd only to cancer.Research companies then banded together to focus on product design and make new modifications and small changes to enhance the mildness and try to vary the taste. Tobacco companies soon realized they had lost control of the cultural processes they had utilized in their creation of the modern cigarette. Basically the industries found themselves in uncharted waters and the boat in which they were in was beginning to coming back on water fast. Having dealing with all these issues corporations responded with unethical disrup tions and intrusions into the medical and scientific processes and procedures that were combating the cigarette.The scientists retaliated back by stating, If the tobacco people are smart, as we all know they are because they have been enormously successful, then they will support research to find out what the cancer-producing substance is, and then take measures in trying to remove it. Hill Knowlton was one of the worlds quintuple largest public relations firms. The tobacco companies however had taken some preventative measures of their own being that some local newspapers supported them stating that tobacco companies were victorious the right steps in finding out if there was any truth or not in the recent scares about cigarette smoking and lung cancer.Despite all the attention that smoking was getting and accused of factor in human lung cancer, no one has yet established that cigarette smoke, or any of its known ingredients, was cancer causing to humans as research has shown us. Tobacco companies would repeatedly insist that the evidence for the relationship between smoking and lung cancer was based on statistical data and it fundamentally belie the emerging scientific data. As we can conclude that the tobacco industries had used Hill Knowlton to its fullest potential placing the harms and health risks of smoking back in the domain of doubt amongst Americans.The industrys of course maintained its posture of scientific doubts that really created a shield that protected them against new regulatory initiatives. The naming of the cigarette as well as the causes of serious diseases has marked a critical turning point in history regarding public health. righteous as the tobacco industrys had before created technology for mass producing cigarettes they had know developed new techniques of mass producing controversy and doubt into the public. The public health service concluded that the evidence at hand places smoking as the primary factor in the increase d incidences of lung cancer.Government agencies had now stepped in and begun to recognize and publicize the harms of cigarettes as well. With the huge amount of evidence from scientists and the government presented to the people its only logical for them at the time to deplumate their own conclusions regarding the concerning effects of cigarette smoking. Reports soon began to fall into the hands of the consumers as the industries sought an opportunity to change its course and begin to warn its consumers about the risks of using their product.Following the releases of these reports the government would assert new authority and take responsibleness for the important health concerns during this time. It seemed like now the American public now looked to the government for scientifically public health policies concerning the cigarette. The cigarette seemed to now kotow behind our constitution in order to shell itself from persecution now only from the government, but the American con sumer. However its clear to the udience and the reader as well that Brandt wants us to realize that the cigarette smoker is aware of the medical evidence that clearly indicates cigarettes as the cause of cancer and yet the consumer continues to smoke. Nevertheless, the consumer is aware that a moderate smoker substantially increases his chance of an early death. We can see that the tobacco industries have the power and use their power to shape opinions, behaviors, and actions, in ways that go completely against an individuals interests in health.For years it was seen that these companies have been completely exempt from our standards of responsibility and accountability when their product causes harm. It should be the right of the individual and consumer to demand that when problems arise the companies be held responsible and accountable for their harmful creation. Time and again, somehow the tobacco industry proves them as remarkable and more evidently successful in finding new way s to evade public health regulations and promote their own death-taking product.Its clear that they have all means to soil themselves deep into our clownish and more importantly our pockets. Its important to realize that in the process of recognizing dangers of the cigarette come the strategies for controlling them. Brandt finally concludes that its clear now that with disappointments and failure in the courtrooms comes the responsibility and more importantly the power in a role society must play that could ultimately decide the emerging and possibly fate of the tobacco industry.