Comparison of Thee Sculptures

Comparison of Three Sculptures Sara Aleman ART/101 David get ins persona of a truly important character of the bible. It is the name of a clear boy named David who defeated a giant named Goliath with a trivial stone. This bible story has inspired many artists among the years to make representations of David. Donatello, Michelangelo and Bernini make part of the inspired artists. These famous artists created engraves to represent the brave David. These sculptures represent the aforementioned(prenominal) character but with the unique style of the artist that created them.Donatellos sculpture of David was created in the Early Renaissance. It is made of bronze and reaches 158 cm of efflorescence. This sculpture depicts a naked David, wearing only a hat and boots. He has an confusing smile on his face. David is carrying a sword and he has his foot on Goliaths head after defeating him. This statue became controversial for being the initiative freestanding nude man and because it w as considered to have political significance. Michelangelos David was created during the amply Renaissance, and has many differences from Donatellos.First of all, Michelangelos statue of David is a lot bigger. It reaches 17 feet of height and is made of marble. This David is completely naked and his facial nerve expression is cautious with a warning glare. This David does not seem victorious instead, he seems decided and aware. Because of his facial expression and other details, this statue is thought to be David before his battle. Michelangelos David has luggage compartment details that make the boy appear more mature and squiffy than Donatellos young David.Gian Lorenzo Bernini created his statue of David using marble as the material. This statue is a life-sized representation of David during his battle with Goliath. This David is partially nude his body language is precise remarkable. David is about to throw the stone that will defeat the giant, Goliath. David has a very str ong facial expression and the position of his body seems agile and decided. These deuce-ace statues of David have their own charm and have become very high-minded throughout the years.

Louis Vuitton Case Study

pic LOUIS VUITTON INTRODUCTION Louis Vuitton is a French fashion house founded in 1854 by Louis Vuitton. The labels LV monogram appears on intimately of its products, ranging from luxurytrunks and welt goods to ready-to-wear, shoes, watches, jewelry, accessories, sunglasses, and books. Louis Vuitton is one of the worlds leading international fashion houses it sells its products through standaloneboutiques, lease depart ments in high-enddepartment stores.MISSION STATEMENT The mission of the LVMH group is to represent the most slight qualities of Western Art de Vivre around the world. VISION Be creative and innovative, rank for product excellence, bolstertheimageofourbrandswithpassionate determination, act as entrepreneurs, and touch to be the best in all we do. GOAL To produce some(prenominal) exclusive fashionable goods with good prestigious image that fits into the high shape society, products should compulsorily have excellent quality and long life.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Foun ded by Vuitton in 1854 and first store in Paris is opened, 1885 first LV store is opened in London, Oxford street ,1892- Vuitton dies the company starts selling handbags. bout POINT During 1893 Georges (Louiss son) begins his campaign to make the company into a oecumenical corporation, Georges Vuitton passes away at 1936. Estimates attribute Georges Vuitton with over new 700 new Vuitton designs. channel STRATEGY LV uses demographic targeting outline to target their customers, both men and women.Since LV focuses only on high class people it uses allowance pricing and luxury images for attracting them. It also uses NEVER ON SALE strategy to target their customers and its ad can be found only in high end fashion magazines like Vogue & Elle. It also uses auction sale houses specializing in art and antiques to sell its goods. The original product line is Monogram and it expand its product line to monogram denim, monogram multicore, monogram vernis and damier canvas. The Louis Vuit ton brand and the famous LV monogram are among the worlds most valuable brandsTARGET GROUP Age ranging from young adults to seniors (22 65 yrs old), focuses mainly on the high class society. AREAS OF BUSINESS Louis Vuitton mainly targets wines and spirits, fashion and welt goods, fragrances and cosmetics, watches and jewelry. The early(a) brands under Louis vuitton are Bulgari, Celine Guerlain Fendi Donna karan TAG Heuer Guerlain Bon Marche Sephora. Financial information Sales at Lv rose 19 percent in 2010 and, for the first time, exceeded 20 billion euros Profits soared 73 percent, to 3 billion euros.Revenue from fashion and leather goods, like Louis Vuitton purses, was up 20 percent. Revenue as of 2011 is 2. 5billion. It was up by 16% from 20. 3 billion euros in the same result in 2010. Organic revenue produce was 14% The Wines & Spirits contrast group recorded thoroughgoing revenue offset of 10% in 2011. Fashion & Leather Goods business recorded organic revenue growth of 16% in 2011, while Perfumes & Cosmetics recorded organic revenue growth of 9% in the same period. Watches & Jewelry group reported organic revenue growth of 23%.RECENT NEWS For seven consecutive historic period (20062012) Louis Vuitton has been named the worlds most valuable luxury brand. Its 2012 valuation is 25. 9 billion USD. agree to a Millward Brown 2010 study, Louis Vuitton is the worlds 29th most valuable brand, right afterGilletteand beforeWells Fargo. The brand itself is estimated to be worth over USD $19billion References http//80. 251. 40. 59/politics. ankara. edu. tr/ozer/Dersler/Introduction_to_marketing/Case%20Studies/Louis_Vuitton_Moet_Hennessy. pdf http//louisvuitton4u. jigsy. com/entries/general/louis-vuitton-product-line http//www. lvmh. com/

Evaluating Servant Leadership

What is handmaid attractionship? When this question is asked, the first off response that comes to mind is a lead role in rough sort of spiritual capacity. In actuality, this concept throne be apply to both professional and spiritual roles of leadership. Robert K. Greenleafs possible action of servant leadership includes qualities such as perceive, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth and building alliance (Greenleaf, 2002).Considering this description, when asked if the following statement, although servant leadership is practically associated with the Bible and Jesus Christ, it is totally congruous with almost(prenominal) religions and theories of ism can be viewed as true, it indeed can be confirmed for most. As servant leadership is actually a philosophy that emphasizes moral values and suggests leaders dumbfound desired results by instruction on and fulfilling the needs of others it is possible that it is c ompatible with other religious philosophies, though not all, as whole round.The very essence of leadership is finding strong ways to inspire and motivate others. A persons particular proposition style of leadership is influenced by the core values as well as the assumptions and beliefs of the individual. Effective leaders continuously learn from those around them and originate their leadership style as necessitate to deal with diversity and ever-changing situations. Strong leaders typically possess a combination of demonstrable characteristics and moral values that form and define their leadership philosophy.retainer leadership emphasizes such skills as awareness, stewardship, persuasion, growth and building community. These skills are also classic elements of most religious philosophies but specifically for the Christian and Unitarian universalist philosophies. One Christian philosophy of leadership presented by David M. Turner, is that the characteristics of the leader shoul d be in harmony with qualities described in Scripture (Turner, Unknown). The Christian leader should be a continual student that consistently strives for excellence, concentrates on the people, and coaches them start out leaders as well.A similar philosophy of leadership as described by Unitarian Universalists is that leaders should find balance among concerns for getting the job done and concern for the people. The focus of the leader is to stand out and empower the individual to discover and explore their own faith. Both of these philosophies anticipate their leader to practice listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth and community in order to be effective. Perhaps the most important attribute of servant leadership is listening.In order to fulfill the needs of others, the leader must first find out the need and the only way to do that is to listen and truly bring out what is being communicated. Irving Shapiro? form er chairman of DuPont, perhaps described servant leadership best with his statement that people who accomplish things do more listening than talking (p. 1). During oppositions at large successful organizations such as Radiall, Inc. , the most effective managers go forth often subscribe very little to imagine yet their body language alone will convey the nitty-gritty that they are listening and evaluating every word being spoken.The manager may not offer suggestions at all at the initial meeting or perhaps will just ask more questions that will expand the groups thinking and possibly guide them toward their own desired result. piece others have argued their point it seems as if the listening has given the leader just about time to develop awareness of the needs and foresight to accomplish them. It is analytic that effective servant leadership would require a gameer take aim of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is the skill level or king to identify and manage emotions of self, others and of groups as well.People who possess a high degree of emotional intelligence will most likely be very self-aware and also be quite attuned to the emotions of others around them. Self-awareness is needed first in order to understand and be attuned with others. As state by Daniel Goleman, if your emotional abilities arent in hand, if you dont have self-awareness, if you are not able to manage your distressing emotions, if you cant have empathy and have effective relationships, then no matter how hurt you are, you are not going to get very far (Serrat, 2009).So what is servant leadership? It is a leadership role in some sort of spiritual capacity but it is a concept that can be applied both professional and spiritual roles of leadership. Greenleafs theory of servant leadership that includes qualities such as listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth and building community (Greenleaf, 2002) encom passes qualities that are morally important but that can also be applied in professional situations.It is true that, although servant leadership is often associated with the Bible and Jesus Christ, it is totally compatible with most religions and theories of philosophy. Servant leadership is a philosophy that emphasizes moral values and suggests leaders obtain desired results by focusing on and fulfilling the needs of others and is completely compatible with other religious philosophies as well.

Education Sector Essay

In a globalized economy with a high degree of disputation among countries, the success of a nation depends on the educational level of its workforce. engineering science has rapidly transformed education by extending learning space beyond the four wall of a classroom. up to now though school plays the main(prenominal) role of education, technology offers verities of opportunities to learn to a greater extent. Such as, Distance learning, online learning communities and adit to vast resources and databases, etc.with the support of Information and communications technology (ICT), it allows to repair spirit of teaching and learning worldwide. (Bokova, 2013) There are both arbitrary and negative impacts due to technological advancement in education sector. Affordability Even though developed counties are able to afford this, most of the maturation countries struggle to equip the basic ICT devices. However there are things which they domiciliate afford, such as mobile phone, it would help to connect teachers, students, parents and administrators.Capacities National policy-makers several(prenominal)times may lack to formulate ICT in educational policies. In some maturation counties teaching institutes frequently lack to trainer the teachers with ICT education practices. Which would gratuity to less ICT education in school levels. Inclusion People who survive in rural area, disabled people typically receives low quality educations, even though they have special educational inevitably. Introduction of ICT would choose inclusive education and reduce inequalities.Content there are more teaching modules available by the help of ICT. Open Educational Resources (OERs) cause significant potential to accelerate free access to knowledge and facilitae the translation of content to local needs and languages. Quality Assurance ICT can help the education system to be much easier, but some developing countries still havent been duly reformed to embrace these nove l learning outcomes. And issues such as quality of ICT-based learning and safety of children online needs to be addressed. (Bokova, 2013).

A Rhetorical Piece of Literature Essay

Judith Ortiz Cofers install entitled The myth of the Latin Woman I Just Met a misfire Named Maria is a rhetorical essay that exemplifies the art of persuasion through the social function of ethos, pathos, and boy that mainstream the three types of rhetorical proof. Her piece describes the life of a Puerto Rican girl who was pressure to carry the polish and the customs of the Spanish, Catholic world up to the much sophisticated Western world.This appears to be a heavy burdennot only to Puerto Ricans or Latinas who end up transferring to another society and culturebut also to other races and ethnicities that can be rated as trio class in the culture of the West. Race and culture can take in its own prejudices (The New Georgia Encyclopedia 2006), and this presents the theme of Cofers The Myth of the Latin Woman. Main Body In representing rhetorical piece, Cofer drug abuses ethos, pathos, and watchword as vigorous as the angle of vision and the inclusion of argue views of o ther cultures.Ethos dictates how the character and credibleness of a speaker influence an hearing to consider him (or her) to be believable (Wikipedia 2007). This is readily seen on how Cofer mentions about her existence a graduate student (203) her coming from a modest, educated, and respectable Latin family (205, 207) her friends who, despite being Latino, are actually medical graduates, professionals, and feminist Latino scholars (206).This also includes the portion wherein Cofer dictates how her Chikana friend has had her doctor shake his head when she uses braggy words (207). All these give the reader the impression that what the source says is complete and credible all because of the high standing(a) that builds a good paper on the writer. Pathos, on the other hand, is the use of emotional appeals to alter the hearings judgment (Wikipedia 2007).This is readily seen on how Cofer uses amplification on some(prenominal) parts of the story, such as the following first, t he Irish mans use of Maria based on The West Side tale (203) second is her storytelling of how her familys life was in an urban center in New Jersey back in the 60s (204) third is her go steady as a Latin highschool girl in America when they were instructed to count dressed as if for a job interview (204), and how they were described to be the negative models by the nuns (204), with their teachers and classmates looking at them distastefully (205) after part is when she mentions how Latino women are usually abused by their boss men (205) twenty percent is how the words sizzling and smoldering are used to pertainnot just the food of Latin Americabut the women as well (205) sixth, how Latin girls are supposed to ripen and not just to create into womanhood (205) seventh, her narration on how a man of high standing sang to her Evita (206).And, lastly, how she was mistaken to be the waitress instead of the main writer during her first public poetry reading (207). All these things give pissed emotional appeals that make the persuasion more imperativeness and more resolute. Logos, on the other hand, pertains to the use of reasoning, either inductive or deductive, to construct an crease (Wikipedia 2007). In Cofers piece, this is seen on how she uses inductive reasoning in stating her experience and historical examples that, in turn, can be described as real and logical (e. g. , what a Hispanic culture is, why Latin girls break-dance everything at once).This is also seen on how she uses deductive reasoning, curiously in the use of largely accepted propositions about the Hispanic womenthat they are Hot Tamale or sexual firebrand (Cofer 2005) second, deductive reasoning is also used in stating that Hispanic women feel free to express themselves through clothes and ornaments and be more provocative, since they are more protected by the traditions, mores, and laws of a Spanish/Catholic system of morality and machismo (205) third, that tropical women show off t heir fight to keep cool and, at the same time, appear sexy (205) fourth and final, the myth that Latina women are actually whores, domestic, or criminal (207). The logic of the demarcation centers on the theme that the writer acts that way because she was born that way. She was only practicing what was taught to her by her world and her culture. Conclusion Cofers angle of vision goes straight into reason the true nature of the Hispanic women.She uses three main strategies in her piece The Myth of the Latin Woman first is the use of character and credibility in giving an accurate and credible argument to her readers second is the use of emotional appeals through amplification and storytelling that make persuasion more insisting third is the use of inductive and deductive reasoning through generally accepted propositions and logic.There is also the inclusion of opposing views of other cultures, especially those that cover the Western cultures that see too much as a despicable, revo lting factor (Cofer 204). Cofers angle is one that represents the side of the Hispanic culture. In defense of her race and her ethnicity, Cofer demands some understanding that not everything that appears to be remains to be, and that not everyone who appears to be one remains to be one. plant life CitedCofer, Judith Ortiz. The Myth of the Latin Woman I Just Met a Girl Named Maria. Spring 2007. Heather D. Harris Homepage, Northern Arizona University. 24 September http//nau.edu/

Confucius “The Analects” Essay

From ancient time, the question of good and decent association has been the study concern in philosophical thought. Philosophers and political figure, clergy and common people perplex tried to answer the question What makes of a good hostel? Confucius creates its give values and moral rules changing understanding about a egotism and the decent society. His philosophy dejection be describes as a unfavorable thoughtfulness which has a great influence on his world commentary and views on decent society.Confucius states that individuals should be free from committing immoral acts. The man of deservingness makes the difficulty to be overcome his first business, and success only a subsequent consideration-this may be called perfect fair play (Confucius, n.d.). bonny society can be constructed by doing what is right, and only when a person can r distributively the state of true utility he lives in a good society. All actions of people ar aimed toward the positive, and purpose is in nature.Confucius is against formal laws which limit license and welfare stating that only moral principles break away a crucial role in social assign. On the new(prenominal) hand, Confucius believes this to be a sort of self-deception, demeaning freedom and turning lives into something which is determined. prodigality leads to insubordination, and parsimony to meanness. It is better to be mean than to be insubordinate (Confucius, n.d.). either personal can be a leader if he keeps bulletproof moral principles and values. Confucius underlines that if a person follows moral rules there is no inquire to guide this person.Living opposed to such wisdom has caused stress and extra war which led to social and moral decay. To do so superstar must make choices in the full recognition in order to become consciously free and take responsibility for actions. An inauthentic lifetime on the other hand is that which pretends and tries to reject the idea that humans are free.This a pproach is a very attractive one to take because freedom can be agonizing and people often make excuses to abstract themselves from the choices they make. If the state guides and supports its citizens it deprives them freedom and free will which lead to stress. If people cannot control their deals and desires they can be compared with animal driven by sense of self-preservation and fear. This leads to unnecessary wars and conflicts such as the thirty years war (1618-1648), Nazism, Napoleonic wars, etc. If rulers do not follow moral principles, it leads to wars.Confucius states that a society should live nobly and in peace for at least a hundred years before people can count on the continuity of a society that remains noble and peaceful. This argument can be explained by the fact that a hundred years is a period of time when three generations of people will change each other living no space for old virtues and traditions. If a rattling royal ruler were to arise, it would stir re quire a generation, and then virtue would prevail (Confucius, n.d.).Their values, religious and ethical, reflect on their relationship to a higher(prenominal) order of existence, whether one perceives it as an eternal force, the universe, a defined uncanny entity, or a concept that answers to a basic human need for a sense of order behind the turbulent appearance of fooling life. Notions of the noble society are based in the instinctual/intuitional self that has been cover over and ignored by modern thought (Jensen, 1997).Any theatrical role of the world will resemble an utopian society because the society cannot be classless. Every society is based on the opposition between unforesightful and rich classes, labor and capital, rulers and subordinates. Economic equality is impossible, because the core of the society is the course of labor and resources which determine social class and economic conditions of its citizens. Increased freedom causes frustration among members of the s ociety because it limits their behavior and their attempts to satisfy their personal goals. Also, a society cannot exist without rulers and military, because it has to protect its citizens from foreign intervention.ReferencesConfucius The Analects. n.d. Available at http//www.wam.umd.edu/stwright/rel/conf/Analects.htmlJensen, L.M. Manufacturing Confucianism Chinese Traditions & oecumenic Civilization. Duke University Press, 1997.

Capitalist Hegemony

Capitalist Hegemony at its Finest Alex capital of Mississippi Sarah Ciurysek Capitalist Hegemony at its Finest. By Alex Jackson Throughout time incompatible societies live with follown their respective take on defeat refinement. Pop finish is not simply a nuance that has suddenly sprung from the g brush up in the last 20 years and wormed its way into text books, periodicals and university debates it is a close built around a define group of ideas, perspectives and attitudes. Pop refining in its evolutionary path has seen many changes from Roman sculpture to baroque paintings to post-war Abstract expressionism, all amounting to what we know today to be our pa culture.However, the pop culture that we experience on a day-to-day basis in the twenty-first century is integrity and just now(a) unparalleled by the pop culture already seen and past. Today we are surrounded by the ever-expanding mass media. Since the introduction of the Internet in the 1980s, mass media has spr ead like wildfire and with it the furthering evolution of the 21st centurys pop culture. With the growth of mass media in our pop culture we see clean winds and patterns. As we all know, North the States was built on a firm knowledgeability of capitalism. This capitalism is the foundation not only for businesses and corporations, but for our developing culture as well.A maturation notion and potential fear amidst this evolving foundation is the existence of capitalist hegemony. For ace to understand this term one must know the definition of the two words individually. Mirriam Websters dictionary defines capitalism as an economic trunk lawsuitized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, prices, production and the distribution of goods Hegemony, defined also by Websters dictionary is the social, cultural, ideological, or economic deviate exerted by a predominant group. In combination, the two represent a t ycoon exerting itself over a group in attempts to feed and crack consumerism. Capitalist hegemony pile be seen on the television, in advertisements, film and television set spicys. The method by which capitalist hegemony is spread, that we will consider in this essay, is the television system plot. Video seconds founder to the spread of capitalist hegemony in two ways through the easily-accepted method of suggestion of consumerist narratives and through the extremist method of exerting self- complacency on a populous.From an early age, all of us shake been bombarded with a consumer culture. We have been taught by mass media always to want, look for and buy the side by side(p) big affair. Video indorses have taken up this torch in that easily-accepted, subtle way. Theres no conduct to tell a person to buy, the task is to a greater extent indirect. Gamers play through a story, the narrative more often than not being all about consumerism of one form or another. As masked as the consumerist plot may be, it is more than likely thither. Take for example a game much(prenominal) as Dead Space 2.This game involves the main character Isaac Clarke fleck his way through the Sprawl in attempts to destroy a ogre relic called the Marker, which is responsible for an alien infestation. At first glance, the story take in of Dead Space 2 gives no yard of capitalist tendencies and the player need only kill one of the creatures in the game and pick up the loot to enter currency into the game. Money and power nodes allow the player to upgrade Isaacs abilities and buy weapons and suits, and additional ammunition and med packs.The gamer thereby is subliminally being taught the value of capitalism, make money buy parvenue things. In other approaches to television receiver games the developers dont go to such(prenominal) length to mask consumerism. In games such as Need for renovate Underground the player races for money so as to purchase upgrades for already p urchased cars, and to buy new ones. In Digital Games and Cultural Studies by Garry Crawford and Jason Rutter, this steer is explained Numerous games are ground upon the principle of capital accumulation where the fundamental aim and theme is to make more money to improve characters avatars skills or possessions. (Crawford and Rutter) One might fence in for sports-related games such as Madden NFL 12, or NHL 11 where the object of the game appears to be purely sport. Win a game, move to the next round is the essential plot however, these ikon games have been sponsored by large-scaler companies look to get their name out to more consumers. Although the advertisements are small and only seen on the back boards of the field or ice rink where the game is staged, the information does go in. According to studies, advertisements need to be put in front of the viewer for an extended amount of time before he viewer picks up on it. What wear out place than a video game to expose a viewe r to a continuous stream of advertisements. To add to the two previous methods of consumerism being pushed through video games, there remains a third methodology. Typically, a well received video game will be made into a series. The game that supersedes the one before it always promises to be bigger and better better graphics, better sound, etc. This leaves the player wanting more and lusting for the next big chapter.Many large game development companies such as EA games with Battlefield, and UBISOFT with Halo follow this trend and have met been with great success. Crawford and Rutter, in reference to the Birmingham School can be quoted as saying that, the shared values and culture of a nightclub are those based largely on dominant (that is, ruling class) values and ideologies. (Crawford and Rutter) If our dominant culture is founded on capitalism, then the governing values and ideologies have to be exerted via subcultures such as pop culture and the ways in which its groups commu nicate.We have looked at the spread of consumerism via video games. This concept is easy to move back because we see evidence of it everywhere we look. However, the second theory of how pop culture contributes to capitalist hegemony isnt so easy to digest. As technology continues to get up and things such as social networking and portable communications grow, we begin to see a decrease in the need to go outside and amass people. The same goes for video games.With the introduction to video games in the 1970s we have seen the creation of a new kind of computer geek, the gamer. Gamers can overleap extended amounts of time inside, staring at a screen. With the advancement of video game graphics, intriguing storylines and strategic challenges, its no wonder gamers would sooner play video games than interact, play sports or become useful members of society. A sudden lack of community has sprung up in the midst of our new found technological enlightenment. Digital gaming could be seen (and has been seen by many) as a clear illustration of the individualization of society. (Crawford and Rutter) People no longer need to come outside to communicate, to do activity or exercise. The rate at which these games are flying off the shelves would suggest more football is being played on home computers than on topical anaesthetic fields (OConnor, 2002). The uprising of this new phenomenon is evidence of a growing complacency in our society. People needing to do less and less.Looking at this from the viewpoint of a large capitalist corporation, it means profit maintaining the existing status quo to press dominant capitalist values, (Crawford and Rutter) keep people inside, in front of a screen absorbing information that fuels their desire to buy. Stuart Hall suggests that cultural products (such as television programmers, popular music and digital games) may be encoded with dominant values, ideas and beliefs. (Hall, 1980) Albeit a little extreme, Hall is supported in an in direct way. posterior Hopson, a games researcher at Microsoft Games Studios holds a doctorate in behavioural and brain sciences.Based on one of Hopsons studies, a gamer can in essence be persuaded to produce a set of behaviors the developers want, each casualty is an arrangement of time, activity, and reward, and there are an infinite number of ways these elements can be combined to produce the pattern of activity you want from players. (Hopson) exactly put, large corporations intend to subliminally brain wash us with messages of use to capitalist pursuits. These ideas are conceptual, large and potentially a bit fanciful, but the evidence supporting them is happening before our eyes.People keep on buying based on information consumed through media portals including game consoles. The emergence of gamers and the diminishing need to go outside is a constant reminder that, although seemingly unrealistic, mortal is using the right approach to acquire profit. Video games, among othe r methods, contribute to some form of capitalist hegemony whether intended or not. It would be frightening to know that a corporation would approach the market with such inflammation as to send subliminal messaging through a game console. Its surprising the very real effect of advertisement has on the consumer. -Merriam-Webster. http//www. erriam-webster. com/. N. p. , 2011. Web. 14 Apr 2011. -Crawford, Garry, and Jason Rutter. Digital Games and Cultural Studies. Sage Publications. (2006) -OConnor, A. (2002) Evan better than the real thing? , The Times, The Game Supplement, 9 December. Pp 2-3. -Hall, S. (1980) Encoding/ decoding, in S. Hall, D. Hobson, A Lowe and P. Willis (eds) Culture, Median, dustup Working Papers in Cultural Studies. Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press. Pp 215-43 -Hopson, John. behavioural Game Design. Gamasutra (2001) n. pag. Web. 14 Apr 2011. .

JPMorgan Chase Essay

JPMorgan Chase is one of the oldest and most respected banks in the linked States. However, during the summer of 2012 Chase announced trading losses and bad enthronement decisions that resulted in a loss of approximately $5.8 billion. Not only did they plow this substantial loss they admitted to falsifying their first quarter reports, were they where attempting to c at a timeal the bulky loss. Three months prior to this event JPMorgan Chase was viewed as the top American bank. The first question to be discussed in this paper will be what actions can Administrative Agencies such the Securities and Exchange Com committee ( second) and or the Commodities Futures work Commission (CFTC) opt to prevent high risk gambles in securities/banking which ar one of the main cornerstones of this countrys economy.According to the entropy, their main mission is to protect investors, to maintain honorable, orderly, efficient markets and facilitate capital formation (www.sec.gov) unmatched of the ways that SEC does this is by requiring public companies to disclose meaningful pecuniary information to the public to help the public decide which companies will be the best to invest in. In response to the JPMorgan Chase revelation SEC Chair unmarried Mary Shapiro told the Senate Banking deputation that her agencys investigation is limited, beca procedure the trades happened in divisions of the banking giant that be not subject to SEC regulation. She too stated that we (the SEC) did not have any direct oversight or knowledge of the transactions. In addition to the above statements Ms. Shapiro stated that the SECs investigation would target the appropriateness and completeness of the entitys (JPMorgan Chase) financial inform and other public disclosures (Liberto, 2012). conterminous I will discuss the commodity and Futures occupation Commissions (CFTC) main purpose as advantageously as some of its other responsibilities.The Commodity and Futures Trading Commissions ( CFTC)main purpose is to regulate commodity futures and options markets. Its goals include the promotion of hawkish and efficient futures markets and the security department of investors against manipulation, abusive trade practices and fraud (www.sec.gov). Gary Gensler, chairman of the CFTC told the Senate Banking delegacy that he couldnt provide specific information ab knocked out(p) the investigation, provided he did say that he first learned about the contestable trades from press reports. He similarly stated that the CFTC does not have regulators on the ground to look at bank trades yet. Chairman Gensler besides told the Banking Committee that currently, the American public is not protected in that way (e.g. having regulators spirit at the trades as they happen) (Liberto, 2012). Regulators have been struggling for months trying to figure out who should be included in a new crackdown on swaps and derivatives.Swaps and derivatives be complex financial bets derived from ot her financial products. Gensler do it clear that once the Dodd-Frank Wall Street reforms are fully implemented it will be il healthy for JPMorgan Chase to make the kinds of trades that resulted in the $5.8 billion loss. He also clarified that Dodd-Frank allows for trades made to hedge against individual and aggregate positions not to justification against future economic losses, as the JPMorgan trades have been described (Liberto, 2012). Next I will cover the elements of a well-grounded contract, as well as discuss how consumers and banks each have a work of god combine and fair dealing in the banking relationship A contract is a legally enforceable promise or set of promises. If the promise is broken, the somebody to whom the promise was mad the promise has certain legal right fields against the person who made the promise the promisor (Bagley, 2012). there are 4 basic elements to a contract and they are 1) offer and acceptance, 2) consideration, 3) both parties must hav e the contentedness to enter into a contract, 4) the contract must have a legal purpose.The offer is a manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain that justifies some other(prenominal) person in understanding that his or her assent will conclude the bargain (Bagley, 2012). Acceptance indicates the receiving persons willingness to enter into the agreement proposed in the offer (Bagley, 2012). Consideration is something of value that is provided by both parties (Bagley, 2012). Lastly, a valid contract requires that both parties have the capacity to enter into the agreement (Bagley, 2012. Next I will discuss the certificate of indebtedness of god trustingness and fair dealingin the consumer/banking relationship. Prior to 1929, Massachusetts expressly provided that in force(p) corporate trust was applicable to all contracts. In 1929, the Supreme Judicial Court, in addressing a breach of contract claim under an option agreement for the leveraging of stock in an oil-produc ing leasehold, expressly stated, for the first time, that there was an obligation of considerably faith and fair dealing in all contracts.The court emphasize that a business contract is to be interpreted as a business transaction entered into by practical men to accomplish an skillful and straightforward end. Beginning in 1936, the duty of good faith was defined as a covenant that neither companionship shall do anything which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other party to receive the fruits of the contract. This fruits articulation of the duty of good faith carcass intact today and is regularly quoted as the operative standard (Weigand, 2013). The side by side(p) topic is to compare and contrast the residuums between well-educated and negligent civil wrong actions. There are several types of knowledgeable torts and they are torts against persons, learned torts that make personal dimension, and intentional torts with regard to economic inter est and business relationships.There are also several types of negligent torts. Two of which are duty to rescue and duty to invitees. Intentional torts against consist of battery, assault, false imprisonment, intentional hurting of emotional distress, defamation, and invasion of privacy. The key word in all of these intentional torts is intent or purpose to cause misemploy to another. Intentional torts against property include trespass of land, nuisance, conversion, and trespass to personal property. Intent and purpose are also why these are considered intentional. The key difference between these ii torts is that one is against people and the other is a misuse of anothers property. An individual has to purpose commit these acts. Negligent torts consist of different types of duties. barter is when a person with a legal duty to another is infallible to act, reasonably, under the circumstances to avoid harming the other person.Some examples of this are duty to rescue and duty to invitees. Duties are basically an obligation that one person is legally bound to make out for another. In comparing the two types of torts we keep that intentional torts are torts that people commit against other people. Negligence also others but it is a failure to perform that causes the injury or unsportsmanlike action. Anexample of this comparison is the intentional tort of battery and failure to perform the duty to rescue. When I commit battery I cause harm to another, when I fail to perform the duty to rescue the other individual also suffers harm but it is because I failed to act. In contrast intentional torts are actions committed against another and negligence is when I fail to take action on another. Next I will discuss the tort action of interference with contractual relations and alive(p) in a breach of fiduciary duty. contraceptive with contractual relations protects the right to enjoy the benefits of legally binding agreements. It provides a remedy when the defend ant advisedly induces another person to breach a contract with a plaintiff. Interference with contractual relations requires intent to interfere.The existence of a contract is the difference between knobbed interference and the more difficult to prove convoluted interference with prospective contractual relations. The most famous case of tortuous interference was Pennzoil v Texaco which occurred in 1983 (Bagley, 2013). Similarly a defendant who wittingly participates in, or induces a breach of fiduciary duty by another commits the tort of participation in a breach of fiduciary duty. Lastly, I believe that if god grounds exist for the interference, such as exists in the JPMorgan Chase case then I should be able to obligate in the tort action. Lastly, I will cover how banks protect the packet program that allows for online transactions. Most banks protect the customers who participate in online transactions through what is called the Online Banking Guarantee. This protection cov ers your banking and personal information. It is the banks responsibility to ensure the customers protection while the customer engages in online transactions.In most if not all case the customer is coulomb% covered in the case of theft of funds. One of main defenses for software protection is through complex encryption systems. Another deterrent is exclusively the vast amount of software that is available for online banking. So between the unsubtle array of software and encryption systems online banking transaction are relatively safe. In this paper I have covered several topics and they are as follows What actions Administrative Agencys take to be effective in preventing high-risk gambles in securities and banking, the elements of a valid contract and the duty of good faith and fair dealing between banks and consumers, comparing and contrasting intentional and negligent torts, the tort action ofInterference with contractual relations and participating in a breach of fiduciary du ty, and lastly, how banks protect the software that they use for online banking.ReferencesBagley, C. (2013). Managers and the Legal Environment Strategies for the 21st Century, 7th Edition. Mason South-Western, Cengage Learning. Liberto, J. (2012) CNN Money. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2013, from http//money.cnn.com/2012/05/22/news/economy/jp-morgan-senate/index.htm U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2013, from U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission http//www.cftc.gov/index.htm U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2013, from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission http//www.sec.gov/ Weigand, T. (2013) . The Duty of life-threatening Faith and Fair Dealng in Commercial Contracts in Massachusetts, Massachusetts truth Review. Retrieved 10Sep13

Internet and Target Customers Segment Essay

1. Based on the trey customer personas, which customer divide should Ontela target?Ontela should targe the teen part. The size of the member is big and wide, they are usually early adapters of technical schoolnology (lots are tech savvy) their purchasing power is huge,. Moreover, the segment is substantial, and can make ontela increase its revenues. This segment uses the internet alot and the social network, e.g. facebook,. There can be the domino feat and more friends may join this service. As youth tend to assume integrity the other. They spend lots of time in the internet and market in the internet (banners, PPC, etc) doesnt cost a lot and real good to start with. Ontela shouldnt target the 2nd persona because the segment is not big enough, old fashion and the revenues arent expected to increase. It is a work tool and therefore it is a niche.2. Create a status account for your chosen target persona and identify the key themes that should be emphasized in the messaging f or the PickDeck service to this segmentPositioning statement Specifically designed for people who treasure their memories captured in mobile strait and have been frustrated with the cumbersome process of manually transferring photos off their phones, Ontelass Picdeck is a quality innovative mobile phone service that promises an easiest look to transfer pictures off their camera phones by automatically uploading those to a desktop, email or favorite photo sharing and social networking sites with no bottom and best price.The key themes are**send and save your pictures in one click**easy to use**share with your friends and family easily3. What are the risks of development qualitative persons to select target customers segment?

Culture and Care Value Base Essay

In this assignment I am personnel casualty to examine and explain my profess in-person determine and principles influence my own change state in professional institutionalize. I leave behind comp atomic number 18 my principles and determine with the Northern Ireland Social heraldic bearing Council codes of make out and the C ar harbor Base. The NISCC and the tutorship Value Base take over legion(predicate) alike codes of invest which only in all wellness and tender superintend practitioners should adhere by and employ with. The set I aspect that are relevant within my populate of wellness fretting and within my current attitude are confidentiality, hauteur and respect, effective talk, anti-discriminatory practice and culture and beliefs. In researching NISCC codes of practice and the Care Value Base, I befuddle found that their value are also similar to my own set within my care practice.The prototypic value I am spillage to discuss is confidentiality. According to the Care Value Base maintaining confidentiality of information is an cardinal part of caring. Any information lymph glands bring in is private and confidential. Individuals need to be certain of what they assert to other carers and clients and also who become access to client files.Previously undergoing work experience in the stroke ward I found that all patients medical information is on a clipboard on the front of their bed, anyone could read this information, I intent the patients confidentiality is be breached.During my work placement at Ceara School, I observed that each educatee has individual care folders within instruct these are kept in a secure filling cabinet and only the members of staff who are looking after a particular pupil is allowed access, I looking this is in truth good practice to uphold confidentiality.Within my placement I find oneself my determine would be similar to the Care Value base, if a service user informed me of private infor mation I would honor it to myself to build trust and confidence unless the individual or others were at harm.The act value that I nip is most all-important(a) and relevant to my experience and work placement is effective communication. According to NISCC, one of their codes of practice is to communication in an appropriate, liberal, accurate and straightforward way. Within my work placement you deport to have recognition and respect of the pupils opinions and ideas so they infer confidence within you and be more comfortable to talk. You also have to talk respectfully and use a lot of humor and creativity to keep them interested. On a regular basis in that location are group conversations and also one to one conversations, simple language is utilise that is easily understood and additionally cave in questions are applied to split the conversation.With having previous work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital I have learnt the importance of communication. Many doctors use d jargonistic terms, which can be actually hard for patients to reckon, I consider this to be ineffective communication.I feel my values are comparable to those of the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I think that my value of communication within my work placement will come across positively. While in placement I guide the speaker feel heard and understood, I make sure to crap an environment where pupils feel safe to express ideas opinions and feelings. I keep capable eye contact and show interest in what is being say and sure my posture is open andinviting.The Care Value Base deems that it is important to acknowledge an individuals personal beliefs and identity. The NISCC feel that respective diversity and antithetic cultures and values are in truth significant and can have extensive affects on a persons care. I went to an integrated secondary school with more cultures and religions. I took part in a multi-cultural day in school, I got to enamor other communities and cultures and what they believed in, this widened my views and changed my opinions of disparate religions.While in Craigavon Area Hospital terminate work experience I learned that meals and meal times were very important in some religions and culture. Some individuals were vegetarian I had to be very respectable of their culture and identity. They were supplied with a different menu with different foods that they could make this encourages the right of choice and independence.Before my work placement commenced I hoped that the employees and pupils had the alike value as myself in consideration of different cultures and are open to express their beliefs and identity and be proud of who they are.My next value is highly important in my care practice and that is upheld by NISCC and the Care Value Base is anti-discriminatory practice.Anti-discriminatory practice is action to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender and disability. Anti-discriminato ry practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discriminatory policies in different situations of work. http//uk.ask.com/question/what-is-the-definition-of-anti-discriminatory-practiceThe Care Value Base describes one of their values by promoting anti-discriminatory practice and to protect the individual from abuse.There are many pieces of edict that are in place to protect individuals from discrimination including the Disability behave 1995, Human Rights Act,Equality Act 2010 and the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995. In my work placement I will work in an anti-discriminatory way, I will non discriminate or judge the service users on their gender, race, class or disability. I believe everyone is different and we all have rights set in place to prevent us from being discriminated against.While undertaking work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital, disabled individuals were protected from discriminatory practice, there were lifts and ramps so all wheel chairs could access the building. There were wide and robotic doors so wheel chairs could get through them with no difficulty, although I feel this is very good practice there was also bad practice within the hospital. I consider individuals with different religions and languages were discriminated against. There were no interpreters for different languages therefore the patients didnt know what had happened or what was about to happen.I feel my values incapacitate those of the Care Value Base and I hypothesize my values will come across positively within my work placement. I feel my personal culture and experience has influenced me in many different ways in supporting users of services and others in health and brotherly care settings.My parents have taught me from a young age to say please and thank you and to be respectful to others. I have braggy up knowing these simple values and therefore it has influenced me to show dignity and respect to all service users.Although I am of a Catholic backgr ound and practice the Catholic faith, I went to an integrated primary school and secondary school with many different religions and cultures. I now have an understanding of other cultures within health and socials care settings and I am able to accept other religions and their beliefs. I believe this have had a positive influence on my personal culture and experience.When I was in primary school, I met my best friend, he was homo cozy. My parents were quite weary of this as they didnt like the way he dressed andacted.They came to the terms of his sexual orientation and accepted him because I have had the privilege of meeting him it has allowed me to open my eyes to all sexual lodges. When working and supporting users of health and social care service I wouldnt mind what sexual ordination the service user was, I would not discriminate against them. I would promote and uphold my values to protect them from harm.From experience I know many people have been discriminated on because of their gender. Some individuals will not be chosen for a particular job because they are male/female. portion users are also judged on their sexual ordinations, recently in the news according to Poots, Northern Irelands Health Minister he said that all gay men are not allowed to give blood. I feel this sexual ordination is being discriminated against, it is very bad practice and defeats the design of legislation created to protect individuals from this happening. I will promote and uphold my values to protect individuals from being discriminated against. http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15014823I think a pedophile and a murder would cause a barrier in the care setting I am working in. I have heavy(p) up knowing that they are bad from family, friends and the media. This may affect and hinder my work but as I am now aware of this negative point I need to work on this barrier. I can not make an assumption until I work and understand them, until then, I will try not to j udge this group.New instructions and changes to personal values can have a major impact on working in the Health and Social Care sector. Firstly a new development of mine is starting a new ancestry I have met new people and got to know them. Working in different practices can impact work in a care setting, partnership can be developed and new skills can be gained. I have started a new placement in Ceara School, I am very excited to see if it is the right area of health and social care I want to do further perusing in. I feel this experience can be very rearing and rewarding.This experience will help me in my future and will give me a good start. I can now see that it is the first time I have looking at my values exhaustively and reflected on them, Iwill challenge my values to become a better professional. I feel guest speakers were a new development of mine, they give me an insight into their organisation, and they also give me information on how I could get work experience.New developments and changes to my personal values can make the service user. I could reflect more in action earlier than later, use communication more effectively and user my initiative in different situations.To conclude I believe that personal values is very significant in influencing my own work in the health and social care sector. I have found that my values are similar to the values of the Care Value Base and the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I have found that there is legislation to protect individuals from unconfidentiality and anti-discriminatory practice also to promote dignity and respect, effective communication and culture and beliefs. I have also explored my new developments and what changes I could make to my personal values to create more effective and efficient care.

Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

5th November 2007A go out to capital of S byh Carolina University and the chaotic aftermathAfter being allowed to address the capital of South Carolina University, Persian president Mohamed Ahmadnijan showed a rargon use and a in high spirits level of social hardness. He blasted the American conjunction and look there was no gays in Iran. The eccentric draw of the republic of Iran is plann as a controversial and as an inspiration in the extremist movement. His slip and virtues that aim at drawing out need to wipe Israel out of the map and to destabilise the due west through all sayings of concerted military unit and extremist principles, axiomaticly resonate as great and atomic number 18 indicative of what the extremism followers should look up at in a leader. He has funded terrorist organizations and helped the insurgency in Iraqi with a purpose of frustrating the atomic number 74 and the effort of the inter terra firmaal familiarity to stabilise Iraqi.Insults to th e UN and the USThe Iranian leader laid-off the United Nations and ridiculed its authenticity and legitimacy. What he implied was the inability of policy at heart the structures of the UN and project the US as the sole decision shamr at the body. This go steady is myopic and absurd. He launched a scathing attack on the US at Columbia University.Controversial character and intentionsHis visit to Columbia University on seventeenth September 2007 has further transformed the leader to a major brat to the Wests relationship with the center(a) East and other Moslem countries. Mohamed received a hostile reception at the University. His visit indoors a literally accession was designated to be a typic truce with the Wests culture and system only due to a rigid perspective on him and the commonplace attitude and general perception, Ahmednijads aims and objectives were not understood.He realised within his faculties, the hatred and fear the American nation regarded him with. Subse quently he truism how ready the West was to at either chance to get rid of him. Diplomacy came to a dead pole with the senate at Columbia coming under criticism for allowing him to address the University gathering. Ahemdnijan was mark a holocaust denier and a perpetrator of terrorism. The Columbia University president termed him as an intellectual mind set and an un-educated leader. This is the hatred Ahmednijad saw and felt in the United States Columbia University. His behaviour and character as seen in place setting before this was not focussed on neither intonation nor odious ethos to state of wards America but symbolic and reaching out moves which in the aforementioned(prenominal) context were not seen nor recognized by the American society.What sparks this controversial and detest towards the Iranian leader is the fanatical and anti West fanaticism in him, also his strategic positioning of Iran as a pillar of Islamic extremism, consistent attacks on American foreign pol icy and blasting of diplomatic efforts to end the atomic standoff which has invoked sanctions on Iran.In reciprocation to this anger Ahmednijan sought to commence his fall back position through diplomacy. He replied in a principled perspective.He confronted within the same schematic speak to the Americans had fage. He questioned the integrity of the Columbia University president Mr Bollinger and subsequently claimed the flops of Iran to own nuclear weapons just as the West owned. According to Anthony F and Robin W., (2007) Ahmadinejad, who in the past has argued that Israel should be wiped off the map, repeated his assertions that the Holocaust should be researched from variant perspectives and said Palestinians should not be paying the price for an event they had zilch to do with. The Iranian leader also blasted U.S. sanctions against his pastoral, insisted on Irans right to nuclear development and declared his willingness to dialogue with U.S. leaders. His behaviour by t hen was characterized with apt criticism of the West hypocrisy and desire to see that they managed the greater global policies. He repeated that the holocaust needed to e researched. The aftermath was an onslaught on his sanity and audacity as a leader.Diplomacy and amnestyAhmednijad might drive home opted to appease Americans through diplomacy. There are many issues within the history of the West problem with Iran. Both resume each other as a threat to the others concern only that the West is autonomous, militarily stronger and more strategic economically and politically. Iran is only a minnow with more strategic position within religious lines and political-religious positions.This aspect has spared it the possible military strike by Americans. Although the United States has been more cagey with Iran, the debut of France in the anti Iran sentiment and the promise of military accomplishment as an eventuality add panache to the West desire to tick Irans strategic position gro wth. Ahmednijad wants to prove he is the key to the Middle East problem since he represents the radical ness and the extremist policies the Islamic community.The Iranian leader acted in speed to show his stand and diplomatic aspects as a leader. He advised his government to release a Californian businessman Ali Shekri who had been jailed in Iran. He morally was desire retribution and sought to justify desire to establish peace and cohesiveness. only due to the abrasiveness and blindness of the American lawmakers and leaders, the Iranian leader saw no relenting. Subsequently his general issued a statement that insinuated that Iran was more militarily steady and ready. There was also the launch of two air cart aircrafts which symbolised the industrialised and military king of Iran. This was an act of provoking the international community especially the United States.His character complexity and moral perspectivesHowever his character is seen as more re-proactive and meant to seek the elasticity of the Americans hate and military options against Iran. The Iranian leader was ready to visit the ground zero. This would fork out been a symbolic and a significant gesture. He was to lay a wreath and probably make a speech. However the tensions after the Columbia University incident would render the broad(a) visit for him dangerous.There were emotions and protests were all over. University students and civilians were on the streets chanting anti him. This was enough campaign to refuse him the chance to go to the Ground-zero. But contextually, what was the motive of his intentions? Why would such(prenominal) an anti American leader wish to make a symbolic visit to a place where people from his religion and community killed thousands of transparent lives? This makes the Iranian leader controversial. In the event of a visit, no adore Ahmednijads comments and sentiments would be more controversial than his remarks about the Jewish holocaust. He mght have justified jihad and the death of these people. He might have intercommunicate the Palestinian deaths within this situation as what the Americans paid with the September 11.Further within this issue, Ahmednijan could not be a target of American extremists, obviously they dont exist, and hence, he was not amused that, it was only a issue of distaste and the hate American legislators felt for him. It might be obvious he knew he could never get a chance to visit ground zero but confirming it through seeking the license to is outward and provocative. This as seen within an academic perspective is a character that is seeking to find lee modalitys and fissures in the American society and government so as to achieve personal goals. These goals are two-way-traffic. The Iranian leader might be seeking to make peace and dash in American foreign policy and become part of the international community, or is acting with impunity as an agent of the large extremist world to need and find weakness in the A merican system.Worry and pessimism in Iranian leaderThough exuding confidence, the Iranian leader projected fear and desperacy to avert a war crisis. His intentions in the United States depict this character. The leaders is troubled and more in a quagmire than in good stead. Most probably he is upset(a) by the french Foreign minister Bernard Kouchner remarks that France should prepare for war if Iran makes nuclear weapons, a sentiment shared by the United States. Ahmednijan might have weighed his options And saw he could not counter such brute oblige militarily. He knows the strength of Maericans through the Iraqi conflict but knows cryptograph of the French.Through visiting such a prestigious government funded Columbia University. David J (2007) argues that the Iranian president has been in a cage, he wants out but what he does every time he leaps up is to hang on in even when his foot is outside. He escalates in his justification of his country having nuclear power Ahmednijan asserts in his Columbia interviews that Making nuclear, chemical and biological bombs and weapons of mass destruction is yet another result of the misuse of acquirement and research by the big powers. What can a perpetual nuclear umbrella threat achieve for the sake of humanity? If nuclear war wages between nuclear powers, what human catastrophe will take place?So were quite clear on what we need. If the US has created the fifth part generation of atomic bombs and are test them already, what position are you in to question the peaceful purposes of other people who want nuclear power? We do not believe in nuclear weapons, period. It goes against the whole penetrate of humanity. I think the politicians who are after atomic bombs, or testing them, making them, politically they are backward, retarded.This seems a strategy to appease the American public on the Iranian nuclear intentions so as to pre-empt the French threat and be left with the US animosity and military hitch plans. Ahmednijad shows fear and strategic shift of his policy on nuclear weapons. This way the public debate transforms from the context of his violating the proliferation faculties and embracing religious backed extremes.Going to Columbia is an insignia of his acknowledgement of American education and federal system.He is trying to be place with the community and seeks to tone down his strong desire to be call against these institutions and instead be seen as a moderator of policies. He wants to prove his actions and statements are basically intended to mend and project positive perspectives in the interest of the Iran and the Middle East.His character raises the storms at home where his popularity is waning drastically. He is seen as an Islamic leader rather than a president of a republic. He is not dwelling on domestic issues but constantly criticizing the West and the Israelis. His actions do not represent the majority of his supporters and political cronies as more pressure mounts on Iran making military strikes inevitable. Though his approach to popularity is myopic, he is a symbol of Islamic rise against Western imperialism. Noor, M., (2006)SourcesNoor Mohamed 2006 Ahmednijads travel popularity in the domestic front. Daily Nation Kenya

Medicine and business: a practitioner’s guide Essay

The retail sector is one of the major contri thoors in the economy of the United Kingdom. The sector constitutes a major percentage of the artlesss gross domestic product. Sainsburys and Tesco companies ar among the major contributors of the countrys GDP in the retail industry (Lewis 1990, p.386). This paper seeks to examine in a detailed analysis the execution of instrument, efficiency and ability of the two companies to meet the nimble obligations when due all over the last third fiscal periods. The report shows a comparison of the two companies in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The analysis is establish on the enforce of fiscal dimensions where deriveability, fluidness, working capital and enthronisation ratios. favor able-bodiedness ratios leave alone be apply to compargon the operation of the two companies, in the light of backtrack on rectitude (ROE), return on capital employed (ROCE), last-place profit brim and gross profit margin. The liquidity ratios that will be engaged include acid tryout and the current ratio. The ratio will be ge ard at examining the ease at which the companies effectively qualify pluss into specie patch the working capital ratios will assess the browse at which the current assets such as stock circulate in the companies (Richards 1980, p. 35).Objectives This paper targets to present a detailed analysis over the performance of the two companies and routine trading operations therefore the main objectives of this paper argonTo compare the performance of the two companies over the last three eldTo detail recommendations for both companies on the arse of the ratios computed and their implications to the companies and the economy as a whole.Research methodology The paper will explore the performances of both companies by utilizing ratio analysis. In order to be in a attitude to undertake this examination, monetary statements of both companies over the last three years will be extracted and ratios comput ed using the information. The results of this report will be explicit in foothold of pounds. pecuniary extractsTesco CompanyIncome statementFor the years 2014, 2013 & 2012 (pounds)22/02/2014 23/02/2013 25/02/2012(Millions) (Millions) (Millions)Revenue 63,557.00 63,406.00 63,916.00Operating Profit / (Loss) 2,631.00 2,382.00 4,182.00Net pursual (432.00) (397.00) (235.00)PBT 2,259.00 2,057.00 4,038.00PAT from act operations 1,912.00 1,528.00 3,164.00Discontinued OperationsPAT from discontinuing operations (942.00) (1,504.00) (350.00)Profit for the period 970.00 24.00 2,814.00Attributable toEquity holders of parent follow 974.00 28.00 2,806.00nonage Interests / other Equity (4.00) (4.00) 8.00Total Dividend Paid c 14.76 c 14.76 c 14.76Tesco CompanyStatement of financial positionAs at 2014, 2013 & 2012 (pounds)22/02/2014 23/02/2013 25/02/2012(Millions) (Millions) (Millions)AssetsNon- trustworthy AssetsProperty, fix & Equipment 24,490.00 24,870.00 25,710.00Intangible Assets 3,795.00 4,362.00 4,618.00Investment Properties 227.00 2,001.00 1,991.00Investments 1,301.00 1,312.00 1,949.00 new(prenominal) financial Assets 4,706.00 4,430.00 3,627.00 different Non- real Assets 73.00 58.00 23.00Current AssetsInventories 3,576.00 3,744.00 3,598.00Trade and Other Receivables 2,190.00 2,525.00 2,657.00Cash at coast & In Hand 2,506.00 2,512.00 2,305.00Current Asset Investments 1,016.00 522.00 1,243.00Other Current Assets 3,797.00 3,162.00 2,550.00Other Assets 2,487.00 631.00 510.00Total Assets 50,164.00 50,129.00 50,781.00LiabilitiesCurrent LiabilitiesBorrowings 1,910.00 766.00 1,838.00Other Current Liabilities 18,296.00 17,937.00 17,342.00Non-Current LiabilitiesBorrowings 9,303.00 10,068.00 9,911.00Provisions 777.00 1,278.00 1,260.00Other Non-Current Liabilities 3,963.00 3,137.00 2,560.00Other Liabilities 1,193.00 282.00 69.00Total Liabilities 35,442.00 33,468.00 32,980.00Net Assets 14,722.00 16,661.00 17,801.00Capital & reserves section Capital 405.00 403.00 402.00 piec e of ground Premium Account 5,080.00 5,020.00 4,964.00Other Reserves (498.00) 685.00 245.00well-kept Earnings 9,728.00 10,535.00 12,164.00Shareholders silver 14,715.00 16,643.00 17,775.00Minority Interests / Other Equity 7.00 18.00 26.00Total Equity 14,722.00 16,661.00 17,801.00Retrieved from Hargreaves Lansdown. Tesco Plc Financial Statements & Reports. N.P., 2014. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.Sainsburys plc.Income statementFor the years ended 2014, 2013 & 201215/03/2014 16/03/2013 17/03/2012(Millions) (Millions) (Millions)Revenue 23,949.00 23,303.00 22,294.00Operating Profit / (Loss) 1,009.00 882.00 874.00Net Interest (139.00) (134.00) (103.00)PBT 898.00 772.00 799.00PAT from continuing operations 716.00 602.00 598.00Profit for the period 716.00 602.00 598.00Attributable toEquity holders of parent political party 716.00 602.00 59.00Total Dividend Paid c 17.30 c 16.70 c 16.00Sainsburys plc.Statement of financial positionAs at 2014, 2013 & 201215/03/2014 16/03/2013 17/03/2012(Millions) (Mil lions) (Millions)AssetsNon-Current AssetsProperty, Plant & Equipment 9,880.00 9,804.00 9,329.00Intangible Assets 286.00 171.00 160.00Investments 404.00 532.00 566.00Other Financial Assets 283.00 236.00 215.00Other Non-Current Assets 1,318.00 38.00 38.0012,171.00 10,781.00 10,308.00Current AssetsInventories 1,005.00 987.00 938.00Trade and Other Receivables 433.00 306.00 286.00Cash at Bank & In Hand 1,592.00 517.00 739.00Other Current Assets 1,332.00 91.00 69.00Other Assets 7.00 13.00 N/ATotal Assets 16,540.00 12,695.00 12,340.00LiabilitiesCurrent LiabilitiesBorrowings 534.00 165.00 150.00Other Current Liabilities 6,231.00 2,950.00 2,986.00Non-Current LiabilitiesBorrowings 2,250.00 2,617.00 2,617.00Provisions 256.00 316.00 349.00Other Non-Current Liabilities 1,264.00 809.00 609.00Total Liabilities 10,535.00 6,857.00 6,711.00Net Assets 6,005.00 5,838.00 5,629.00Capital & reservesShare Capital 545.00 541.00 538.00Share Premium Account 1,091.00 1,075.00 1,061.00Other Reserves 807.00 820. 00 315.00Retained Earnings 3,560.00 3,401.00 3,715.00Shareholders Funds 6,003.00 5,837.00 5,629.00Minority Interests / Other Equity2.00 1.00 N/ATotal Equity 6,005.00 5,838.00 5,629.0Retrieved from Hargreaves Lansdown. Sainsbury (J) Plc Financial Statements & Reports. N.P., 2014. Web. 31 Dec. 2014.Ratio AnalysisProfitability ratios These ratios indicate companys profitability status. They determine the efficacy of a company to generate returns to compensate the providers of capital. Using the data extracted, return on capital employed, gross profit margin and net profit margin are computed beneathReturn on equityThis ratio is an indicant of the returns that a company generates out of the owners equity.Return on equity (ROE) = (Net income/equity capital) * hundred (ALBRECHT 2007, p. 234)Return on capital employed Return on capital employed is used to indicate how a company is able to generate income to service the providers of capital employed. The ratio can be used to com pare profitability of a firm within successive periods to pass judgment profitability and predict future failure.The ratio is computed as followsReturn on capital employed = (profit before interest and tax/ capital employed) * 100 (COLES 1997, p. 32)Net profit marginThis ratio measures the return per pound of sales a company earns. It is computed through the spare-time activity rulerNet profit margin = (Net income / sales revenue)* 100 (GITMAN 2008, p. 492)Where, net income is obtained by Lessing total run expenses from the sales revenue. primitive profit marginThis ratio indicates the returns of the company afterward taking into consideration the costs of production incurred. It is calculated as followsGross profit margin = (Gross profit/ sales revenue) * 100(KHAN 2007, p.10)Below is a sum-up of the ratiosRatio TESCO SAINSBURYS2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014ROE 23.5% 14.3% 17.9% 15.5% 15.1% 16.8%ROCE 12.8% 6.5% 7.5% 8.7% 8.1% 9.2%Net profit margin 6.5% 3.8% 4.1% 3.9% 3.8% 4.2% GP margin 8.4% 6.6% 6.3% 5.4% 5.5% 5.8% liquidness ratiosThese are ratios that measure the speed at which a company is able to convert its assets into cash or its equivalents (BUCCI 2014, p.71). They explain how steadfast a company can turn its current assets into cash so as to meet the current obligations. There are two types of liquidity ratios namely current ratio and acid test ratio.Current ratioIt indicates the ability of the company to convert its assets into cash or cash equivalents. The ratio is computed as followsCurrent ratio = current assets/ current liabilities (times)Acid test ratioAcid test ratio also known as quick ratio is a measure that examines the capacity of a company to settle its immediate obligations from own current assets without selling stock.It is computed through the following formulaAcid test ratio = (current assets- inventories)/ current liabilities (TRACY 2011, p.287)The table below is a outline of the ratios computed using the financial data extract edRatioTESCO SAINSBURYLiquidity ratio 2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014Current ratio 0.64 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.58 0.64Acid test ratio 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.35 0.26 0.50 running(a) capital ratios These are ratios that indicate the efficiency of a company to utilize its assets. They are also referred to as asset management ratios or asset turn over ratios. The commonly used ratios are receivables perturbation, payables turn over and record turnover rate (TALEKAR 2005, p.85).Receivables turnoverThis is a measure of how fast a company collects its funds from the debtors. It is calculated on the basis of the following formulaReceivables turnover = yearbook belief sales/accounts receivablesIt is reported in terms of spot of days that sales made on credit outride with debtors before collection.Therefore average out collection period = (accounts receivables/annual credit sales) * 365 daysThe ratio can also be expressed as average collection period = 365 days / Receivables turnover (BOOKER 2006 , p. 4).Inventory turnover This is a ratio of the cost of goods interchange to the average inventory. Cost of goods sold comprises of opening stock add purchases less closing stock while average inventory is the mean of opening and closing inventory. It is expressed in terms of days.Inventory turnover= cost of goods sold (COS) / Average inventoryTherefore Inventory period = 365/ inventory turnoverPayables turnoverThis ratio indicates the period that the company takes to pay its creditors. It is defined byPayables turnover = annual credit purchases/ accounts payablesIt is also expressed in terms of day.ThereforeAverage payment period = 365 days / payables turnover. The table below is a summary of the asset ratios of the two companiesRatio TESCO SAINSBURYS2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014Receivables turnover 15.2 14.5 12.6 4.7 4.8 6.7Inventory turnover 11.2 11.5 11.0 8.1 8.2 8.1Payables turnover 10.8 11.0 11.2 5.2 4.9 10.1Investment ratiosThese are ratios that help investors to evalua te the returns of their investments. Common investment ratios includeEarnings per role (EPS)Dividend payout ratioDividend yield ratioDividend payout ratioThis ratio measures the part of earning that a company gives out to shareholders as dividends. It is computed as followsDividend payout ratio = (total dividends declared for the year/ earnings gettable for dividends) * 100 (GEDDES 2002, p. 14).Where earning available for dividends is the profit after tax and preference dividends. Dividend yieldThis relates the returns from a share to its market value. It assists investors to assess the returns from their investments. It is worked out as followsDividend yield = (dividend per share/ market value per share) * 100Earnings per share EPS indicates the proportion of the companys earnings that are referable to the ordinary shareholders that have been generated during the period. The earnings credited(predicate) to ordinary shareholders are de noned by the profit after tax.EPS = Ear nings attributable to ordinary shareholders/ Number of ordinary shareholders.It is an important indicator of companys performance in terms of the earning power of the shares. However, comparing performance of companies based on EPS is inefficient since some companies may choose to issue to a greater extent shares. Companies can also choose to increase or decrease the number of issued shares introduceing to an automatic alteration of the EPS.Ratio TESCO SAINSBURYS2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014EPS 38.25 18.04 22.56 32.10 33.00 35.3739.20 19.05 22.70 30.40 31.22 36.6740.41 33.67 31.67 26.18 29.45 31.56Dividend payout ratio 0.5 61.5 1.5 27.1 2.8 2.4Uses of ratios un wish well groups of individuals are interested with the analysis of financials of companies. They use ratios to work out circumstantial financial features of a company that they are interested in. they help individuals in the following waysTo determine profitability profitability ratios indicate the capacity of companie s to generate profits. Ratios help the management to estimate the earning power of the companys assets.To assess solvency gearing ratios are used to assess companys ability to service its debts. They show the relationship between assets and liabilities. A high school gearing ratio is an indicator that the company is likely to land into financial problems in the future.They assist in the analysis of financials Ratios assist stakeholders such as banks, shareholders and creditors to assess the profitability, liquidity and the capacity of companies to pay dividends.Forecasting purposes financial ratios hypothecate the trend of the company. Such trends are important for forecasting the future of the company. onetime(prenominal) years ratios are used to estimate the future therefore ratios are an important tool of preparing budgets and forecast statements.Limitations of ratio analysis Despite the evoke usefulness of financial ratios, they are characterized by many drawbacks. To beg in with, ratios are based on historical data. They are computed using historical financials but not pro forma statement. This poses a great challenge since the financials reflect the then(prenominal) financial position not the current situation. Ratios can thus lead to wrong decision making since what is true now may not be reflected by the past data. Decision making that is based on financial ratios may thus be misleading especially for secular items and transactions.Ratios are also computed using financial statements that are normally active under accounting principles and policies. Different companies embrace deepening policies and principles. The policies also vary with time within the same company. Owing to these variations, it becomes challenging to compare performance of different companies or even the performance of the same company over successive periods.Inflation and seasonal factors also threaten the validity and dependability of ratio analysis. Inflation impacts gr eatly on the financial statements just like seasonal factors such as economic cycles. Ratios are computed on the basis of historical financial statements which do not take into account the effect of price level changes and seasonal variations. Making decisions on the basis of financial ratios can thus be misleading.Conclusion and recommendation Over the three years covered by this analysis, it can be seen that Tesco performed better than Sainsburys in terms of profitability, working capital ratios and investment ratios. The two companies are however characterized by falling liquidity ratios. To improve this trend, they should liquidate their cash efficiently through the capacity to convert current assets into cash readily without necessarily selling their inventory. The profitability ratios of Tesco also observed to be declining over the period examined. The company thus should consider ways of improving its profitability such as cutting major costs of production or through inc reasing sales volume.ReferencesAlbrecht, w. S., stice, e. K., & stice, j. D. (2007). Financial accounting. Mason, oh, thomson/south-western.Booker, j. (2006). Financial planning fundamentals. Toronto, cch Canadian limited.Bucci, r. V. (2014). Medicine and business a practitioners guide. Http//public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1697730.Coles, m. (1997). Financial management for higher awards. Oxford, heinemann.Geddes, r. (2002). Valuation and investment appraisal. Canterbury, financial foundation publ.Gitman, l. J., & mcdaniel, c. D. (2008). The future of business the essentials. Mason, oh, thomson south-western.Hargreaves lansdown,. Sainsbury (j) plc financial statements & reports. N.p., 2014. Web. 31 dec. 2014.Hargreaves lansdown,. Tesco plc financial statements & reports. N.p., 2014. Web. 31 dec. 2014.Khan, m. Y., & jain, p. K. (2007). Financial management. newborn delhi, tata mcgraw-hill.Talekar, s. D. (2005). Management of working capital. New delhi, discovery p ub. House.Tracy, j. A. (2011). Accounting for dummies. New york, ny, john wiley & sons. Http//nbn-resolving.de/urnnbnde1011-201410263287.Source document

Ancient Polytheistic Religion Compared to Judaism

Ancient polytheistic righteousness comp ared to Judaism Ancient polytheistic and Judaism are two of the most opposite beliefs possible. polytheistic belief is the belief in more than just one god. Polytheism was brought to this universe by the antediluvian Egyptians and the ancient Greeks. The Greek gods often took on the ferment of existence gentlemans while the Egyptian gods were the main cornerstone to their beliefs and religion. Judaism or the belief of Monotheism is the belief in one main god. Monotheism we brought to the world by the Jewish culture. It was originated from the Hebrew bible and is one of the oldest religions still living today.Judaism was a monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical ideas embodied mainly in the Torah and the Talmud. The Torah and the Talmud are p invention of the sacred book of the Jews which is the bible. The root civilization appeared to bewilder arisen in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was founded by a group of people called the Sumerians during the fourth millennium B. C. E. It lies in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. The Sumerians and their successors were polytheistic which means they worshiped legion(predicate) gods and goddesses. Their Gods and Goddesses were visualized in human form, with human needs and weaknesses.The Mesopotamians call upd that the human race was created to serve the gods. The Mesopotamian temples were run same great households where the gods were fed fantastic meals, entertained with music, and honored with ritual. The Mesopotamians had a actually gloomy picture of the afterworld. They were confined to a dusty dark netherworld, designate with hunger and thirst unless someone offered them food or drink. There was no reward in being religious because everyone was in equal misery. trust played a huge part in the literature and art of Mesopotamia.Poems were told of the deeds of the gods, like how the world was created. Also poems were told of the great hero office Gilga mesh, who tried to escape death by going on a journey to find the sole survivor of the great flood. The religious computer architecture was in the form of temples in the cities. As the Mesopotamian civilization rose up in the valley of Tigris and Euphrates, the Egyptian civilization was centered on the Nile River. The Egyptians were besides a polytheistic religion, in that they believed in many gods. Egyptian Gods mystify human bodies, with human or animal heads, and wear crowns or thorns.Egyptian Gods were gods of assorted things such as the sky, sun, earth, and music. The Egyptians worship took place at small shrines they left field offerings to the chosen gods as well as simple prayers. The Egyptians believed that there afterlife was full of dangers, scarce those dangers could be overcame by magical spells in the admit of the Dead. Also the Egyptians believed in the preservation of the body and that it was essential for the afterlife. The Hittites were an Indo-European, spe aking a language that was related to the Greek and Sanskrit.The Hittites adopted Mesopotamian writing along with many other aspects of the Mesopotamian culture, including polytheism. The discovery of iron was found in the Hittites region, somewhat to begin with the creation of their kingdom. The discovery led to the making of iron weapons and tools rather than dogshit ones. The Discovery of the iron led to the beginning of the Iron Age. Other ancient societies that were polytheistic were the Persians, and the Assyrians. The Israelites possessed little worldly power or wealth, but they created a powerful religion, known as Judaism which is a form of monotheism.Judaism was the first and the longest lasting form of monotheism in a world of polytheism. Judaism is a part of two other religions that have played a tolerant role in the history of the world, Christianity and Islam. Monotheism is the belief in one ordinary god, who was the creator and ruler of the universe. The Jewish God is neither a ingrained force nor like human beings, or any other winsome of creature he is so elevated that those who believe in him may not picture him in any form. I psychealisedly trump relate to Judaism and believing in one single god because I practice the religion of Christianity.I believe the words of the bible and how God is verbalise to have created all forms of life and all things. I grew up in a religious family where we attended masses weekly on sunshine mornings and prayed before and after our meals. I believe that the religion you have been increase up into plays a huge role on your worldview that you best make out with. Along with your family I also believe its your own personal ethics that play a role in your worldview of religion. Your ethics are based on what you believe is right or wrong.In my religion of being a Catholic, I believe that God created all things and sent tenner and Eve to represent him in man form. I also believe that Jesus Christ died on the cross, rose to heaven and then came backwards to earth for human salvation and to save us from sin. The reason I dont believe in Polytheism is because I find it firm to believe that there would be gods for many different parts of our world. I also think that if a God is suppose to be idolise and treated like an all-mighty that there should only be one person or God treated with the most significant amount of respect.

The Decline in the Ecological Quality of the woodland, Heathland and Wetland Areas in the New Forest

The spick-and-span plant, a beautify enjoyed by worldy an(prenominal) as a wonderful break from the bustle of metropolis life, An abundance of species rich home grounds, a place of solitude, as open push wither space to be valued and conserved for both present and future generations. To many the impudent forest may seem an unchanging mosaic of forest, heathland and wetland interlocked with small rural settlements whose tralatitious character seem al close timeless(prenominal). withal beneath this uniquely picturesque landscape lies an environs which is both complicated and forever changing, a landscape which through history, has been heavily fascinated by man and his activities.The precise utilization of man and the influence he is having upon the natural environment a great deal creates a complex set of guidance issues. These issues embody not only concerns for the environment but practically have economic implications for the wider community. The refreshing woo dland is a good example of this it has many conflicting parts and thusly requires management. Figure two displays this range of habitats.HabitatArea/ha heath/Acid Grassland11740Valley Mires and Wet Heaths238Unenclosed Deciduous Woodland4049statutory Silvicultural Enclosures8100Unenclosable(open to exercise of common rights)19028Fig2 The proportions of antithetical habitatsIt is the largest land of unsown vegetation in lowland Britain. Each habitat is affected differently by different uses, which in the past may have ca utilise a pedigree in their ecological flavour, it is both these uses and the management strategies associated with them that pass on be the focus of this article. chronicle of Landuse and ManagementThe forest became appointed to the crown as Royal woodland nine hundred years ago, it was used as a military reserve for deer and domestic clove pink. This grazing and browsing limited the regeneration of trees and shrubs. It is soon under the management of the F ores look for complaint as detai guide in the lumberry and freshly Forest acts. The Forestry delegation is responsible for the ancient and ornamental woodlands and their timber enclosures this is refered to as the peak Land. They atomic offspring 18 required to give priority to conservation of the forests traditional character. They practice forestry in the Silvicultural Enclosures and have a responsibility for managing the unenclosed forest. The freshly Forest Heritage field of honor will be referred to as the radical Forest. The common land within the perambulation will be referred to as the Open Forest. Privately owned and fenced lands will be refered to as coer lands.Fig 1Dockens field of operationFig 3 The in the raw Forest Heritage AreaTen Verderers became responsible for management of communal animals depastured in open forest. They regulated the right of the common promoting the improvement of grazing for the comm 1rs. except these days on that point are str ict guidelines which comm whizrs must adhere to, to try to ensure the retention and sometimes improvement of the landscape quality. In July 1994 the regime recognised the New Forest as a unique area giving it similar protection as a national park. It in like manner possesses other designations, it is a SSSI although this offers protection from phylogeny it offers little in the behavior of conservation. In 1996 the New Forest Committee published a management plan entitled A strategy for the New Forest its individual aims and strategies will be assessed throughout this article. The Committee represents the principal central and topical anesthetic judicature organisations in the forest who allowCountryside committalEnglish NatureForestry CommissionHampshire County CouncilNew Forest g overn CouncilVerderers of the New ForestSalisbury District CouncilTest Valley Borough CouncilWiltshire County Council (as Observers)Country Landowners AssociationNational Farmers Union (as Observe rs)The tuition of a management strategy like The New Forest schema is eventful as it recognises the interests of all groups concerned, although the participation of so many organisations that often have conflicting interests may often make management difficult. right away most of the New Forest exists as a pastoral providence based on the exercise of common rights and grazing. The community of farmers made up of between three to four hundred commoners depend upon this for their livelihoods and then the faction of this and conservation makes management more difficult.It is thought that grazing has had a great effect on vegetation than peat cutting and deforestation, indeed it is thought the landscape has evolved to its present state through the effects of grazing. In each area ecological quality is affected differently by a chassis of different uses, so it will be necessary to assess the radioactive decay of each one in turn.WoodlandAlthough there are both Silvicultural en closures and ancient unenclosed deciduous woodland it is the later that possess the most nature conservation value. The silvicultural enclosures though lend approximately 40% of oak and beechwood some containing unmodified former pasture woodland. Because these enclosures have been less pasture than the unenclosed woodland contain many rare plants including slit balm and the lungwort. These enclosures excessively contain large nations of predatory birds such as Buzzards and sparrow hawks.Fig 4 Native trees during floodOak and Beech dominate the unenclosed deciduous woodland, Oaks being more dominant on heavier soils varying in proportion. Under this houseopy Holly dominates along with maple and hawthorn. Older oaks contain the richest woodland lichen flora in abjectland Europe tour apivorous birds colonise decaying timber. This area is open to the exercise of common rights and has been for many years, indeed this habitat is Semi-natural, and exists as a Plagioclimax.The re has been a lot seek to tally whether this grazing of domestic stock has caused an ecological defy in these forests The animals disregard be in truth selective hence the less edible plants may become the most dominant. As a result much query has been undertaken to assess the effects of grazing on woodland. This is in many slipway an attempt to determine the level of grazing necessary to prevent gain damage to the environment and soggy down any ecological decline associated with it.During 1960 Dr George Peterken established The age structure of the enclosed woodlands was related to fluctuations of large herbivores since at least the eighteenth century. He also found that the most novel periods of regeneration of woodland were 1860-1910 and 1930-1945. The first of these followed the killing of most of the deer population after the order of the deer conservation act in 1851, epoch the second was repayable to a slow market and a correspondent decrement in stocks. This ha d a dramatic effect on the landscape and remains proof of the limiting effect of grazing both on woodland quality and area, as it followed the generation of new trees in adjacent areas. provided nowadays commoning has been more intensive and there have been likewise many invertebrates to allow such natural regeneration.Clearly Herbivores influence species slice and age structure of woods so much so that in the New Forest today elm lime and chromatic no longer make up the do-nothingopy of the mass of woodland. Research by Prof. Barber of Southampton Univ. has racylighted these reductions in diversity. His pollen diagrams show that elm and lime die out suddenly. He attributes this to them being felled and failing to regenerate. He has also documented a decline in hazel and its disappearance recently.Documentary evidence from sixteenth and 17th centuries shows hazel to be common. All of this evidence shows a slow increase in browse resistant holly, a decline in ecological quali ty, which can only be attributed to selective grazing. In examine this to private forest of similar edaphic quality that has mainly been coppiced we find hazel still abundant along with a rich herb layer. This is in comparison to the sparse herb layer of the grazed area, which comprises of around a poor thirty species. The ungrazed area also contains many lichens and deadwood invertebrates, hence a wide variety and species richness.Management of WoodlandThe New Forest Committee in their Strategy for the New Forest recognises thatGrazing in open forest by sheep and cattle has a strong influence on the age regeneration and species type of the vegetationThey also recognise that the come and proportions of ponies to cattle have a significant effect on the ecology of the forest. It refers to The Lingworth Report on grazing. It suggests that pony and cattle premium schemes and marking fees should be used as a mechanism for influencing publications turned out. Recent research however h as shown that social and cultural factors play a greater role in decision making. The report recognises that commoning is poor source of income for commoners and that restrictions on landuse and stock numbers may have profound effects on their livelihoods and the local anaesthetic economy.The Forestry commissions policy is to conserve woodland as an essential grammatical constituent of the traditional character of the forest. Part of the New Forest review recommends thatThe maximum feasible area of native area of broardleaved component should be grown on the daylong feasible rotations, and the possibility of restoring some conifer plantations to broardleave should be investigated.Such recommendations are encouraging for conservation however the actual implementation may be more difficult to consecrate into practice, while the affects of any recent measures are too early to assess. Unfortunately it is difficult for the Forestry Commission to assess the result of deterioration or have any control over development in the in camera owned forests. This is identified in the Strategy for the New Forest, it recognisesChanges in the design and siting of new planting, changes in management practices and species composition and mischief of hedgerows all have important implications for the forest as a whole and then comparison of the area today to that recorded in the New Forest by English Nature during 1994 shows a reduction in quality of the landscape. It identified 94 sites supporting ancient woodland amounting to 2330ha in privately owned areas. The Report identifies that 37% of ancient woodland from these areas has now been replanted with conifers.HeathlandsThese are the result of mans activities particularly burning over the last three superfluous K years and are hence regarded as Semi-natural. Heathlands similar to woodlands have been grazed throughout history. Some heaths were part of the commoning system these are outside the Crown lands and have been en closed since the 19th Century. Some heath is unenclosed on higher ground. The fringes of the forest in the west have extensive heaths. The heaths inner(a) the perambulation have become degraded through recreational use and gravel extraction, this has contributed to much fragmentation and a reduction in this habitat. cancel encroachment has become a particular problem and has led to a reduction in bio-diversity through competition.Grazing by Ponies is believed to have led to the rapid decline in populations of Dwarf Gorse an important component of the heathland. The evidence is indicating that grassland is expanding while heathland contracts and this is leading to a decline in the ecological quality of the forest. It is thought and shown by observation that this is apparent where there is intensive grazing and trampling. In 1973 Dr Colin Tubbs showed that areas of heath that had been burnt failed to regenerate due to the grazing pressure. Heathlands support birds like the Dartford Warbler, which in the New Forest has been put under threat by grazing.In 1974 Colin Bibby conducted a national regard of Dartford Warbler populations he concluded that burning and heavy grazing had reduced the birds habitat namely the heathlands, and had hence he attributed a decline in populations of Dartford Warbler to this decline in habitat. It is thought by entomologists that insects particularly butterflies were more frequently sited during the 1930s. However this is difficult to place certainty on as much of the information is unreliable. They have found that species such as High Brown, Dark Green, bone Bordered and many other rare species, which were abundant, are now hold to local areas. During the 1930s there was less grazing, both this and the higher diversity and this can be said is proof of this ecological decline.Colin Tubbs has expressed concern over buzzard populations who rely on heathlands as their habitat. Competition with large vertebrates is causing them to d ecline through limiting the number of small ground vertebrates such as rabbits by over grazing. This is the underlying Hypothesis surrounding much of Colin Tubbs work in this area. He established in 1973 that there was a large fall in buzzard production with only one out of six pairs known to rear young since then the number of successful pairs has stayed below the levels during the 1960s.This followed a large fall in the number of small rodents counted in southern England during 1970. It is difficult to place much dependableness on this data. The grazing by ponies continues to be intensive and remain so unless the Forestry Commission takes action. Actions such as the erecting of fences are of little use, as Ponies seem to have a remarkable ability to leap over fences. The Forestry Commission has had to dedicate time to the removal of Ponies and this can often be very costly.Management Of HeathlandsThe Heathlands are managed by the Forestry Commission, during 1986 the New Forest r efreshen group recommended that some conifer or open woods should be returned to open heathland to reduce there decline, purely in the interests of conservation. The Forestry Commission has already started this holistic approach away from the economic needs of forestry to those of conservation. many another(prenominal) of the proposals outlined in the Strategy for the New Forest aims towork with landowners to conserve and enshroud heathland reinstating traditional management where possible RA3.73b.8.This will be possibly grievous to implement, as the economic needs of commoners may be difficult to overcome in the pursuit of conservation. This may only be possible through the adoption of joint marketing of Forest animals and produce to offset the pecuniary implications of this proposal. This is outlined in section 4.1.6 of the report. The Forestry Commission is responsible for the management of the majority of these areas and there is a tendency for their economic implications t o override those of conservation.Management also aims toRaise awareness of the ecological importance of heathland and encourage local support for its conservation RA3.7c.This is important as raising awareness of the public can lead to involvement through voluntary organisations which can lead to a reduction in expenditure by government and an increase in the amount of positive management for conservation. Although this is hard to implement as it often involves some expensive form of interpretative media.All these policies aim to renew and recreate heathland, although the effects of these actions to the problems already discussed are not yet visible.WetlandsThe New Forest possesses ninety valley mires of which there are only cxx in the whole of Europe, these have high conservation importance. Draining during the 1950s and 60s has lead to a reduction in the ecological quality of these environments. Restoration of these areas is important as some pockets contain unique flora and flor a, an immense biologic richness. They provide both grazing and water for forest animals. Rare species include slender cotton grass (Eriophorum gracile), bog orchid (Hammarabga paludose) which are very rare in Southern England.The Forestry Commission previously had a tariff to run down many mires in an effort to fulfil the statutory obligations of The New Forest Act of 1949. Unfortunately it is only recently that the importance of this habitat ecologically has become realised. It is now part of the New Forest special area of conservation and is both a RAMSAR wetland and a SSSI. The most important Mires are located in the Crown lands. The wetlands also include many rivers and their floodplains, while there are historic water meadows and fifty ponds, these also posses high bio-diversity and require management. Many of the streams are rare due to there social disease nature hence they support rare species.There has been a reduction in the ecological quality of these areas by modifyi ng or straitening of the marine channels. Low levels in the Rivers and streams have been attributed to a lowering of the water table by boreholes and streams.Management of WetlandsIn relation to rivers and streams, the Environment Agency has developed a Catchment management plan for the New Forest. Which is concerned with the future management of these areas. The recommended actions associated with this management I am unaware of.In relation to mires the Strategy aims toRestore and enhance shamed valley mires RA3.8b0This involves techniques to slow the flow of water restoring levels of water to how they were before drainage. This is achieved by installing small dams along small ditches in an attempt to drain the mire. It tries to mimic natural channel blocking it is hoped that this will halt headwald erosion. belatedly channels have developed in some places, which are a hazard to livestock and damaging to the mire. The Forestry Commission has been aiming to infill these with local material to hope that they move in with surrounding heathland vegetation.Again many of these important areas of conservation occur in the Crown land i.e.- Mires. In one of its recommended actions the Forestry Commission work with land managers and advise them in areas where conservation may not be the land managers highest priority.In Relation to this the strategy aims toIdentify wetland features important to the traditional character of the New Forest and work with landowners/land managers to honorable their conservation. RA3.8a, see also RA3.3c0It is clear now that the New possess a very complex range of management issues and that successful management will require great co-operation between all groups who have an interest for one reason or another in the New Forest.